泵 pump 载体 carriers 通道 channels

1.Monosaccharides Are Aldehydes or Ketones with Multiple Hydroxyl Groups 寡糖是多羟基醛或多羟基酮 2.Complex Carbohydrates Are Formed by the Linkage of Monosaccharides 3.Carbohydrates Can be Attached to Proteins to Form Glycoproteins 4.Lectins Are Specific Carbohydrate-Binding Proteins

Serine proteases : to promote a reaction that is almost immeasurably slow at neutral pH in the absence of a catalyst. 将pH 7.0几乎不发生 的反应(蛋白质水解）进行下去 -Carbonic anhydrases: to achieve a high absolute rate of reaction,suitable for integration with other rapid physiological processes. 加速以与其他快速生理过程融合 -Restriction endonucleases, to attain a high degree of specificity.实现 酶切反应的高度特异性 - NMP kinases: to transfer a phosphoryl group from AT P to a nucleotide and not to water.磷酸基团从ATP转移给另一个核苷酸（而不 会转移到水分子）

1. Enzymes Are Powerful and Highly Specific Catalysts 2. Free Energy Is a Useful Thermodynamic Function for Understanding Enzymes －热力学

1.The Exploration of Genes Relies on Key Tools 2.Recombinant DNA Technology Has Revolutionized All Aspects of Biology 3.Complete Genomes Have Been Sequenced and Analyzed 4.Eukaryotic Genes Can Be Manipulated with Considerable Precision

1.The Purification of Proteins Is an Essential First Step in Understanding Their Function 2. The Characterization of Proteins: Molecular Weight, isoelectric point. 3 . Amino Acid Sequencing and primary structure

13.1 跨膜运输可以是主动的，也可以是被动的 13.2 两类膜蛋白家族使用 ATP 水解产生的能量驱动泵跨膜运输离子 13.3 用浓度梯度驱动次级运输器，形成另一种浓度梯度 13.4 特殊通道能迅速跨膜运输离子 13.5 缝隙连接允许离子和小分子在细胞间流动 13.6 特许的膜通道增加水跨膜通透性

14.1 异源三聚体 G 蛋白能够传递信号，重置 G 蛋白自身的结构 14.2 胰岛素信号通路：磷酸化级联反应是很多信号传导途径的中心 14.3 EGF 信号：信号传导系统准备应答 14.4 不同信号通路同一元件作用不同 14.5 信号传导途径的缺陷致癌或其他疾病

12.1 脂肪酸是脂质的关键组分 12.2 常见的膜脂分子有三类 12.3 磷脂和糖脂在水相介质易形成双分子层 12.4 生物膜的大多数功能由膜蛋白执行 12.5 脂质和很多膜蛋白在膜平面上能迅速扩散 12.6 真核细胞的胞内膜形成包裹的区室

10.1 天冬氨酸-氨基甲酰转移酶是一种变构调节酶，受该途径终端产物抑制。 10.2 同功酶是进行组织特异性和时间特异性调节的一种方式 10.3 共价修饰时调节酶活性的一种方式 10.4 很多酶的活化需要蛋白质特异性断裂