肽为氨基酸的线性聚合物,蛋白质是由一条或多条多肽链构成。 (一)肽和肽键结构 肽的命名从N端开始到COOH端,氨基酸残基按顺序从左向右写, nh2末端在左,cOOH端在右。如Ser-ly-phe,称为:丝氨酰甘氨酰苯 丙氨酸 一般氨基酸数目20的肽为多肽

一、蛋白质的降解 二、氨基酸的分解代谢 三、尿素的形成 四、氨基酸碳骨架的氧化途径 五、生糖氨基酸和生酮氨基酸 六、由氨基酸衍生的其他重要物质 七、氨基酸代谢缺陷症

一、脂质的消化、吸收和传送 二、脂肪酸的氧化 三、不饱和脂肪酸的氧化 四、酮体 五、磷脂的代谢 六、鞘脂类的代谢 七、甾醇的代谢 八、脂肪酸代谢的调节

1. Reduction(fixation)of N, into ammonia(NH3 or NH*) 2. Synthesis of the 20 amino acids 3. Synthesis of other biomolecules from amino acids 4. The de novo pathways for purine and pyrimidinebiosynthesis 5. The salvage pathways for purine and pyrimidine reuse

1. Lipids encompass a large and diverse group of organic compounds 1.1 Lipids are broadly defined as biological molecules that are soluble in organic solvents. 1.1.1 Lipids are usually extracted from biological materials by nonpolar solvents like ether, chloroform(氯仿), benzene(苯). 1.2 The biological functions of lipids are diverse. 1.2.1 Certain lipids(e.g., triacylglycerols(三脂酰甘油), commonly called fats) serve as efficient reserves for the storage of energy

1. The nucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), are polymers of nucleotide units 1.1 DNA consists of four kinds of deoxyribonucleotide units linked together through covalent bonds 1.1.1 Each nucleotide unit is made of a nitrogenous base (the various part in the four different deoxyribonucleotides), a pentose sugar and a phosphate group

1. Hemoglobin is a multisubunit allosteric rotein that carries 02 in erythrocyte. 1.1 Hemoglobin is a well-studied and well-understood protein. 1.1.1 It was one of the first proteins to have its molecular mass accurately determined. 1.1.2 The first protein to be characterized by ultracentrifuge. 1.1.3 The first protein to be associated with a specific physiological function

1. Carbohydrates are aldehyde or ketone compounds with multiple hydroxyl groups or substances that can yield such compounds on hydrolysis(p. 293) 1.1 Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecules on earth and have multiple roles in all forms of life. 1.1.1 Carbohydrates serve as energy stores (e.g., starch in plants, glycogen in animals), fuels (e.g., glucose), and metabolic intermediates (e.., ATP, many coenzymes)

Radioisotope tracer experiments showed that the porphyrin(卟啉) ring of the heme groups in mammals are made from 8 Gly and 8 succinyl-COA (Glu in plants and bacteria). Deficiency of enzymes leading to heme biosynthesis cause diseases called porphyrias (The degradation of heme yields bilirubin, a linear tetrapyrrole derivative, and the typical pigments found

1. Reduction(fixation)of N, into ammonia(NH3 or NH*) 2. Synthesis of the 20 amino acids 3. Synthesis of other biomolecules from amino acids 4. The de novo pathways for purine and pyrimidinebiosynthesis 5. The salvage pathways for purine and pyrimidine reuse