第一节语言和言语 一、语言和言语区分的历史回顾 语言和言语的区分,最早是由德国的 语言学家、普通语言学的创始人洪堡 特提出的。 索绪东在《普通语言学教程》 史对语言和言语的区分作了 统的理论阐述。其目的是为子 纯化语言究对象

第二节语言学学科发展 一、传统语言学(公元前四世纪一十九世纪末 传统语言学时期大体包括语文学和历史比较语言学两个阶段 ()语文学(公元前四世纪一十九世纪初 在阿拉伯,人们从七世纪开始研究语言,比较有 代表性的是西巴维希的《书》。 在中国,早期的语言研究主要是围绕着汉字的字义、字 音、字形进行的,产生了训诂学、音韵学、文字学三个分支 ,统称为“小学”,出现了《说文解字》、《广韵》、《尔雅 》等大批不朽文献

Unit 9 packing Letter 1 1. ready--made:现成的 2. indemnification:赔偿 3. seaworthy:适合海上运输的 4.tacit:心照不宣的 5.on account of:因为 6candid:直率的

Unit 8 payment Points for attention: Letters regarding payment often fall into the following types: discussing mode of payment, urging establishment of L/C, amending L/ or asking for extension of L/C

Unit 6 Sales Promotion Points for attention: 1.信要短。 2.在开头一段就得抓住读者的兴趣。 3.说明产品或服务的益处,并以事实或数据使读者相信。 4/尽可能使信的语气象私人交往

Unit 4 Enquiries and replies Points for attention: 1.询价或询盘是一种询问。按其内容可分为一般询盘(general enquiry)和具体询盘( specific enquiry)一般询盘是买主为了了解情况向卖主索取商品目录本、价目单、样品或样本等等。具体询盘是买主有做买卖的要求,指定商品要求卖主报盘

Unit 2 Invitation and Arrangement of visits 邀请与答复 Dear Mr/Ms We should like to invite you to attend the 2003 International Fair which will be held from april 29 to May 4 at the above address. Full details on the Fair will be sent in a week We look forward to hearing from you soon, and hope that you will be able to attend Yours faithfully

Unit 14 Flexible trade Letter 1 Take up:从事 Undertake:承担,保证 The down payment for the production line can not be higher than 10%of the total value; Repayment:偿还的款项

Unit 12 Claim and Settlement Points for attention: When making a claim, plan your letter as follows: Begin by regretting the need to complain Mention the date of the order, the date of delivery and the goods complained about

Unit 10 Shipping Points for attention: Letters regarding shipment are usually written for the following purposes: To urge an early shipment; To amend shipping terms; ·To give shipping advice; To despatch shipping documents