一、二烯烃的分类 脂肪烃分子中含有两个碳碳双键的烃称为二烯烃。根据两个双键的相对位置可把二烯烃分为三类：

Carboxylic acids are just one member of a class of acyl derivatives, RCOY, where the acyl group is bonded to an electronegatives substituent -Y that can act as a leaving group in substitution reactions. Numerous acyl derivatives are possible, but we’ll be concerned only with four of the more common ones, in addition to carboxylic acids themselves: acid halides, acid anhydrides, esters, and amides

6.1 炔烃的结构 命名 和物理性质 Structure, Nomenclature, and Physical Properties of Alkyne

7.1 芳香烃的分类 结构及命名 Classification, Structures and Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds 7.2 芳香烃的来源及物理性质 Sources and Physical Properties of Aromatic Hydrocarbons

10.3 The Reactions of Alkanes with Halogens 10.3 A Multiple Substitution Reactions Versus Selectivity 10.4 Chlorination of Methane:Mechanism of Reaction

Conjugated unsaturated systems have a p orbital on a carbon adjacent to a double bond The p orbital can come from another double or triple bond The p orbital may be the empty p orbital of a carbocation or a p orbital with a single electron in it (a radical)

A hydrocarbon whose molecules contain two double bonds is called an alkadiene(alkatriene for three double bonds); A hydrocarbon with two triple bonds is called an alkadiyne; A hydrocarbon with a double and triple bond is called an alkenyne

A UV-Vis spectrophotometer measures the amount of light absorbed at each wavelength of the UV and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. λmax— the wavelength of maximum absorption

A ring that contains at least one heteroatom (an atom other than carbon) is called a heterocycle, and a substance based on a heterocyclic ring is a heterocyclic compound. Heterocyclic compounds containing N, O or S are by far the most common

The most characteristic reactions of benzenoid arenes are the substitution reactions that occur when they react with electrophilic reagents. The electrophiles are either a positive ion (E+) or some other electron-deficient species with a large partial positive charge