1.组织学的主要研究方法。 2.组织学方法研究中医的现状

（1）桌上只许有笔，答题纸和英文课本。（2）不许 离开自己的座位。（3）不许偷看，不许讲话 (有问题 举手）（4）老师宣布停的时候，必须放下自己的笔。 （5）老师宣布收试卷时，试卷必须快速由每排的最左 边传向右边，每排最右边的同学负责把试卷交给当堂 助教。 如果主讲老师或助教发现任何学生违反以上任何 一条规则，第一次违规者，扣除总考试成绩的15%， 第二次违规者必须重修这们课

通过综合性实验“人体肠道杆菌的分离与鉴定” ，让医学本科生接受包括传统的细菌学分离鉴定技术和现代分子生物学 16S rRNA 核苷酸序列分析技术在内的系统培训，更新了知识体系，增加了学生的动手机会，激发了学生的学习热情，培养了学生独立分析问题和解决问题的能力，为培养高素质应用型医学人才打下基础

通过综合性实验“人体肠道杆菌的分离与鉴定”，让医学本科生接受包括传统的细菌学分离鉴定技术和现代分子生物学16SrRNA核苷酸序列分析技术在内的系统培训，更新了知识体系，增加了学生的动手机会，激发了学生的学习热情，培养了学生独立分析问题和解决问题的能力，为培养高素质应用型医学人才打下基础

（1）桌上只许有笔，答题纸和英文课本。（2）不许 离开自己的座位。（3）不许偷看，不许讲话 (有问题 举手）（4）老师宣布停的时候，必须放下自己的笔。 （5）老师宣布收试卷时，试卷必须快速由每排的最左 边传向右边，每排最右边的同学负责把试卷交给当堂 助教

◼ All DNA is recombinant DNA. ◼ Genetic exchange works constantly to blend and rearrange chromosomes, most obviously during meiosis, when homologous chromosomes pair prior to the first nuclear division. ◼ During this pairing, genetic exchange between the chromosomes occurs. This exchange, classically termed crossing over, is one of the results of homologous recombination

TOPIC 1 Principles of Transcriptional Regulation [watch the animation] TOPIC 2 Regulation of Transcription Initiation: Examples from Bacteria (Lac operon, alternative s factors, NtrC,MerR, Gal rep, araBAD operon) TOPIC 3 Examples of Gene Regulation after Transcription Initiation (Trp operon) TOPIC 4 The Case of Phage λ: Layers of Regulation

Similarity of regulation between eukaryotes and prokaryote 1.Principles are the same: • signals (信号), • activators and repressors (激活蛋白和阻 遏蛋白) • recruitment and allostery, cooperative binding (招募，异构和协同结合) 2. The gene expression steps subjected to regulation are similar, and the initiation of transcription is the most pervasively regulated step

◼ What are the main challenges of translation and how do organisms overcome them? ◼ What is the organization of nucleotide sequence information in mRNA? ◼ What is the structure of tRNAs, and how do aminoacyl tRNA synthetases recognize and attach the correct amino acids to each tRNA? ◼ How does the ribosome orchestrate the translation process?

Although DNA replication, repair, homologous recombination occur with high fidelity to ensure the genome identity between generations, there are genetic processes that rearrange DNA sequences and thus lead to a more dynamic genome structure Two classes of genetic recombination for DNA rearrangement: • Conservative site-specific recombination (CSSR): recombination between two defined sequence elements • Transpositional recombination (Transposition): recombination between specific sequences and nonspecific DNA sites