一、人生目的形成的主客观条件 1、主观上取决于个体的知识水准、道德修养和思想觉悟。 2、客观上取决于个体所处历史时代、个体所处阶级地位等

第一章 汉语词语英译 第二章 现代汉语句子英译 第三章 现代汉语段落英译 第四章 四大古典小说名著选段英译

References Some journals in English: 1.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory, and Cognition. American Psychology Association(APA) 2.Journal of Educational Psychology,APA 3. Contemporary Educational PsychologyAPA 4. Educational Psychologist.APA

2.1.Whatis development? Development refers to the ways people grow,adapt, and change during their lifetimes. physical development, personality development,socioemotional development, cognitive development(thinking), and languagedevelopment

3.1 What is learning? Are they instances of learning? (1) A young child takes his first steps. (2) An adolescent male feels a strong attraction to certain females. (3) A child feels anxious when he sees the doctor coming with a needle. (4) Long after learning how to multiply, a girl realizes on her own that another way to multiply by 5 is to divided by 2 and multiply by 10(e.g. 428×5 can by figured as follows:428/2=214 ×10=2140)

4.1.1 Edward Lee Thorndyke:1874-1949, American educational psychologist. 1891-1895,studied English literature in Wesleyan University

4.3.1 Burrhus FredericSkinner:1904-1990 Born in Susquehanna,Pennsylvania. Received bachelor’s degreein Hamilton College in New York, majored in Englishliterature. He decided to be a writer.(influenced by RobertFrost)

“Any subject can by taught effectively to any child at any stage of development

5.1 About GestaltPsychology The founder ofGestalt psychology: Max Wertheimer(1880-1943)

Instructional objectives: What does one learn in his learning, according to Tolman? What is the opinion of Tolman aboutreinforcement and reinforcementexpectancy?