This formula applies to any type of firms in the output market 1. Competitive Output Market Competitive industry: Many firms: Firms are independent of each other in decision making Identical product: Each firm faces a horizontal demand curve at the market price Free entry: Zero profit in the long run A competitive firm takes the market price as given. For a given market price p

Equilibrium price. Equilibrium allocation: x=xi(p,p·w2), Note: A p* for any >0 is also an equilibrium price. Offer curve: (p)(p, p. w;). The equilibrium is the intersection point of the offer curves. Excess demand function:

Production Plans with Multiple Outputs Lety≡(m,,…,ym) be a net output vector, YArn be a convex set,G:Y→R be twice differentiable Production possibility set:{y∈Y|G(y)≤0} Assumption 1.1. Gy (y)>0, Vi,yEY. Proposition 1. 12. Production frontier yEY G(y)=0 contains technologically efficient production plans Definition 1.1. Marginal rate of transformation

Optimization See Sydsaeter(2005, Chapters 2, 3)and Chiang(1984, Chapters 9, 11, 12 and 21) Positive definite matrix Definite matrices are directly related to optimization. A symmetric matrix A is positive semi- definite(A≥0) if rAr≥0,Vx; positive definite(A>0)

Corporate finance 1. Theoretical Approaches 1.1. Corporate Finance in Arrow-Debreu world Complete market, perfect market, perfect competition, symmetric information, private consumption Risk: risk sharing, risk pooling, technology shocks, individual vs aggregate shocks Lucas(1978): existence of equilibrium asset price Merton: continuous-time pricing model

Problem set 2 Micro Theory S. Wang Question 2. 1. You have just been asked to run a company that has two factories produc ing the same good and sells its output in a perfectly competitive market. The production

8.1. Independent Firms The downstream firm's problem is max(a-bxc-wT The upstream firm's problem is max(a-2b)3-cr The output is 8.2. Integrated Firm Suppose now that the two firms merge into one firm. This firms problem is max(a-by)y

5. Oligopoly Oligopoly: Small number of firms: Firms depend on each other. Identical products: Firms jointly face a downward sloping industry demand No entry: Long-run positive profits are possible

张爱玲(1920—1996)原名张瑛。出生于没落的阀阅世家。主要作品有小说集《传奇》和散文集《流言》,此外还有长篇小说《十八春》和《赤地之恋》等。张爱玲走红于1944年代的上海沦陷区。评论家胡兰成和迅雨(傅雷)较早注意到了张爱玲的出现。迅雨写作了长篇评论《论张爱玲的小说》给张爱玲以全面的评价。张爱玲的小说是沪港社会的“传奇”,被称为“香港传奇”的有《沉香屑·第一炉香》、《沉香屑·第二炉香》、《封锁》、《心经》、《倾城之恋》等;而被称为“上海传奇”的主要有《十八春》和《五四遗事》等

一、被审计单位的财务造假及相关法律制度不健全 大量的审计失败案例表明,被审计单位的财务造假是审计失败的最根本原 因。近年来,资本市场存在太多的虚假和欺诈、甚至造假成风。2001年10月 19日的中国证券报公布了近年来影响重大的十大财务造假案。其中一些案例中 财务造假手段具有手续齐全、名目繁多、手段诡秘等特点。如:黎明股份的造 假手段主要是其所属的黎明毛纺织厂利用增值税抵扣制度通过与11家企业对开 增值税发票虚增收入和利润、其所属的营销中心向虚拟的销售对象虚开产品销 售发票虚增收入和利润、利用有关的出口货物优惠政策虚拟外销业务虚增收入 等;琼民源公司的造假手段主要是将合作方香港冠联置业公司投入的股本及合 作建房资金确认为收入,通过三次循环转账方法将虚构收到转让北京民源大厦 部分开发权和商场经营权的款项确认为收入,将收到民源大厦的建设补偿费作 为收入确认等