One complication associated with alkene hydration is the occurrence of arrangements

Acetylenic hydrogens can be deprotonated with relatively strong bases (sodium amide is typical)

Alkenes are hydrocarbons whose molecules contain the carbon-carbon double bond. Alkynes are hydrocarbons whose molecules contain the carbon-carbon triple bond

Infrared Spectroscopy: An Instrumental Method for detecting Functional Groups

Substitution reactions occur when two reactants exchange parts to give two new products. In a substitution, one replaces another

21.11 Aryl Halide and Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution 21.12 Spectroscopic Analysis of Phenols and Aryl Halides

17.7 Lithium Enolates 17.8 α-Selenation: A Synthesis of α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds 17.9 Additions to α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes and Ketones

The aldols formed in aldol additions can be easily dehydrated to yield conjugated enals (enones)

If a chiral atom attached to the carbonyl group, the stereoselectivity of nucleophilic addition follows the Cram’s rule

The most characteristic reaction of aldehydes and ketones is nucleophilic addition to the carbon-oxygen double bond