When Mendel did his crosses of pea plants, he knew what a pea plant was supposed to look like: a small plant with green leaves, purple flowers, and smooth seeds. But if all pea plants were like that, he would never have been able to sort out the rules of heredity—in a cross of green peas with green peas, there would have been no visible differences to reveal the

一、Denver体制 二、Lyon假说及X染色体的剂量补偿效应 三、真核基因的分子结构特征 四、遗传印迹 五、动态突变

一、肿瘤染色体理论 二、肿瘤的克隆演化 三、癌基因、抑癌基因的概念 四、癌基因激活的途径 五、抑癌基因的作用 六、肿瘤发生的遗传学说

一、系谱分析应注意的事项 二、染色体检查适应症 三、基因诊断

一、重组DNA技术 二、分子杂交技术 三、PCR技术及应用

一、基因频率和基因型频率及计算 二、遗传平衡定律 三、影响群体遗传平衡的因素 四、突变、选择 五、近亲婚配

一、mtDNA结构和遗传特点 二、线粒体病的类型

一、单基因病的概念 二、系谱常用符号及系谱分析 三、各种单基因病的系谱特征 四、AD的各种类型 五、影响单基因病发病风险的因素 六、单基因病发病风险的估计

一、遗传学基本概念 (一)什么是遗传学(genetics):研究生物的遗传和变异现象及其规律的一门学科。 (1)遗传(heredity, inheritance):生物有性或无性生殖方式繁殖,子代与亲代相似、物种的延续性“种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆。” (2)变异(variation):生物个体之间差异的现象“一母生九子,九子各不同。” (3)矛盾运动:遗传←变异物质、能量、信息生物变异→自然选择→进化人工选择→育种

Transcriptional Regulation in Bacteria Thanks to the relative ease of doing genetics with bacteria, transcriptional regulation in bacteria is better understood than that in other organisms and has served as a framework for understanding transcriptional regulation in eukaryotic organisms