Molecular biologists routinely use restriction enzymes as key reagents for a variety of applications including genomic mapping, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, DNA sequencing, and a host of recombinant DNA methodologies. Few

Q1. Prokaryotic cell E. coli consists of a single closed-circular DNA molecule of 4.6 x 106 bp long. This DNA molecule would be 1.6 mm if the double helix is relaxed. Please describe what strategies does E. coli use to pack such a long molecules into its nucleoid less than a micrometer (mm) in diameter. (20 points)

基因（gene）是细胞内遗传物质的结构和功能单位，它以脱氧核 糖核酸（deoxyribonucleic acid，DNA）化学形式存在于染色体上。在 人类，基因通过生殖细胞从亲代向子代传递。早在 1944 年，Avery 等 用实验的方法就直接证明了 DNA 是生物的遗传物质。1953 年 Watson 和 Crick 在前人的工作基础上

◼ All DNA is recombinant DNA. ◼ Genetic exchange works constantly to blend and rearrange chromosomes, most obviously during meiosis, when homologous chromosomes pair prior to the first nuclear division. ◼ During this pairing, genetic exchange between the chromosomes occurs. This exchange, classically termed crossing over, is one of the results of homologous recombination

基因作为唯一能够自主复制、永久存在的单位，其生物学功能是以蛋白质的形式表达出来的。DNA序列是遗传信息的贮存者，它通过自主复制得到永存，并通过转录生成信使RNA，翻译生成蛋白质的过程来控制生命现象

从20世纪中叶开始，分子生物学研究得到高速发展，主要原因之一是研究方法，特别是基因操作和基因工程技术的进步。一、DNA操作技术 二、基因克隆的常用载体系统 三、基因的分离与鉴定

肌红蛋白的结构与功能 血红蛋白的结构、功能及镰刀形贫血病 蛋白质结构与功能的关系及其研究方法 血红蛋白分子病 Molecular Disease of Hemoglobin 免疫体系分子的识别机制 足迹法研究DNA结合蛋白的结合位点 DNA Foot Printing 蛋白水解酶与人类疾病 甲型流感病毒与艾滋病毒 膜蛋白、受体与信号转导 转基因动物 Transgenic Animals

复旦大学：《生物化学A Biochemistry》课程PPT教学课件（下，分子生物学）Molecular Biology）DNA复制 DNA Replication

复旦大学：《生物化学A Biochemistry》课程PPT教学课件（下，分子生物学）Molecular Biology）DNA修复 DNA Repair

Q1. Prokaryotic cell E. coli consists of a single closed-circular DNA molecule of 4.6 x 106 bp long. This DNA molecule would be 1.6 mm if the double helix is relaxed. Please describe what strategies does E. coli use to pack such a long molecules into its nucleoid less than a micrometer (mm) in diameter. (20 points)