一、病毒： 是一种非细胞型微生物，最小的生命单位，其核心是脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）或核糖核酸(RNA)，外壳是蛋白质。 二、病毒自身不能进行代谢，但能在宿主细胞内增殖，并将遗传信息传递给子代。 三、病毒分成DNA病毒和RNA病毒两大类

一、顺式作用元件和反式作用因子 Cis-acting element：不编码任何产物的 DNA片段，能影响与之相联系的同一条 DNA链上的基因表达 :启动子。 Trans-acting factor （转录因子TF） 由调节基因编码，调节基因是一种特殊 的结构基因，其编码产物（RNA或蛋白质） 可以扩散，控制其他基因的表达

基因（gene）是细胞内遗传物质的结构和功能单位，它以脱氧核 糖核酸（deoxyribonucleic acid，DNA）化学形式存在于染色体上。在 人类，基因通过生殖细胞从亲代向子代传递。早在 1944 年，Avery 等 用实验的方法就直接证明了 DNA 是生物的遗传物质。1953 年 Watson 和 Crick 在前人的工作基础上

1.Genes can be mutated in many ways The most common gene change involves a single base mismatch--a misspelling--placing the wrong base in the DNA. At other times, a single base may be dropped or added. And sometimes large pieces of DNA are mistakenly repeated or deleted

DNA转录RNA前体加工成熟RNA的过程 RNA合成的两种方式: 1、DNA指导的RNA合成。 2、RNA指导的RNA合成

一、反（无）意义链（antisense strand）：作为RNA合成模板的DNA链，方向3'→5' 二、有意义链（sense strand）：与反意义链互补、与转录产物如mRNA的序列相同的DNA链叫有意义链，方向5'→3

◼ All DNA is recombinant DNA. ◼ Genetic exchange works constantly to blend and rearrange chromosomes, most obviously during meiosis, when homologous chromosomes pair prior to the first nuclear division. ◼ During this pairing, genetic exchange between the chromosomes occurs. This exchange, classically termed crossing over, is one of the results of homologous recombination

Molecular biologists routinely use restriction enzymes as key reagents for a variety of applications including genomic mapping, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, DNA sequencing, and a host of recombinant DNA methodologies. Few

Q1. Prokaryotic cell E. coli consists of a single closed-circular DNA molecule of 4.6 x 106 bp long. This DNA molecule would be 1.6 mm if the double helix is relaxed. Please describe what strategies does E. coli use to pack such a long molecules into its nucleoid less than a micrometer (mm) in diameter. (20 points)

Q1. Prokaryotic cell E. coli consists of a single closed-circular DNA molecule of 4.6 x 106 bp long. This DNA molecule would be 1.6 mm if the double helix is relaxed. Please describe what strategies does E. coli use to pack such a long molecules into its nucleoid less than a micrometer (mm) in diameter. (20 points)