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1.如何理解电子分布函数f(E)的物理意义是:能量为E的一个量子态被电子所占据的平均 几率? [解答] 金属中的价电子遵从费密-狄拉克统计分布,温度为T时,分布在能级E上的电子数目 n二 e(E-Ep)/kg g为简并度,即能级E包含的量子态数目.显然,电子分布函数 f(e (E-EF)/kg!+1 是温度7时,能级E的一个量子态上平均分布的电子数.因为一个量子态最多由一个电子所 据,所以f(E)的物理意义又可表述为:能量为E的一个量子态被电子所占据的平均几

设给定一个测度空间(X,,),C是可积函数类L(u)的一个子类.若对任意可积 函数f∈L(u)和>0,存在一个g∈C,使得f-gd<,则称可积函数可以用C 中的函数逼近

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3.1 Common feature of spontaneous change 3.2 The second law of thermodynamics 3.3 Carnot cycle and Carnot principle 3.4 Definition of entropy 3.5 Clausius inequality ; principle of increase of entropy 3.6 Calculate the change of entropy 3.7 Statistical view of entropy 3.8 Helmholtz function and Gibbs function 3.9 Direction of change and conditions in equilibrium 3.10 Calculate of G 3.11 Relations of thermodynamic functions 3.12 Clapeyron equation 3.13 The third law and conventional entropy

Lecture 4 Introduction to Spline Curves 4.1 Introduction to parametric spline curves Parametric formulation =r(u),y=y(u), z=2(u) or R=R(u)(vector notation) Usually applications need a finite range for u(e.g. 0