（1）桌上只许有笔，答题纸和英文课本。（2）不许 离开自己的座位。（3）不许偷看，不许讲话 (有问题 举手）（4）老师宣布停的时候，必须放下自己的笔。 （5）老师宣布收试卷时，试卷必须快速由每排的最左 边传向右边，每排最右边的同学负责把试卷交给当堂 助教

1. What are the gene expression stages that can be regulated? (10 points) Regulated stages in gene expression: (1) transcription initiation (the most important stage): RNAP binding of the promoter, transition from the closed complex to the open complex; promoter escape 4’ (2) stages after initiation (elongation and termination) 2’ (3) RNA processing (alternative splicing) in eukaryotes 2’ (4) translation 2’

Most of the eukaryotic genes are mosaic (嵌合体), consisting of intervening sequences separating the coding sequence ◼ Exons (外显子): the coding sequences ◼ Introns (内含子) : the intervening sequences ◼ RNA splicing: the process by which introns are removed from the pre￾mRNA. ◼ Alternative splicing (可变剪接): some pre-mRNAs can be spliced in more than one way , generating alternative mRNAs. 60% of the human genes are spliced in this manner

Similarity of regulation between eukaryotes and prokaryote 1.Principles are the same: • signals (信号), • activators and repressors (激活蛋白和阻 遏蛋白) • recruitment and allostery, cooperative binding (招募，异构和协同结合) 2. The gene expression steps subjected to regulation are similar, and the initiation of transcription is the most pervasively regulated step

1. 前言 2．同步辐射原理 2.1 同步辐射基本原理 2.2 同步辐射装置：电子储存环 2.3 同步辐射装置：光束线、实验站 2.4 第四代同步辐射光源 2.4.1 自由电子激光（FEL） 2.4.2 能量回收直线加速器（ERL）同步光源 3. 同步辐射应用研究 3.1 概述 3.2 真空紫外（VUV）光谱 3.3 X 射线吸收精细结构（XAFS） 3.4 在生命科学中的应用 3.5 同步辐射的工业应用 3.6 第四代同步辐射光源的应用

TOPIC 1 Principles of Transcriptional Regulation [watch the animation] TOPIC 2 Regulation of Transcription Initiation: Examples from Bacteria (Lac operon, alternative s factors, NtrC,MerR, Gal rep, araBAD operon) TOPIC 3 Examples of Gene Regulation after Transcription Initiation (Trp operon) TOPIC 4 The Case of Phage λ: Layers of Regulation

◼ What are the main challenges of translation and how do organisms overcome them? ◼ What is the organization of nucleotide sequence information in mRNA? ◼ What is the structure of tRNAs, and how do aminoacyl tRNA synthetases recognize and attach the correct amino acids to each tRNA? ◼ How does the ribosome orchestrate the translation process?

Although DNA replication, repair, homologous recombination occur with high fidelity to ensure the genome identity between generations, there are genetic processes that rearrange DNA sequences and thus lead to a more dynamic genome structure Two classes of genetic recombination for DNA rearrangement: • Conservative site-specific recombination (CSSR): recombination between two defined sequence elements • Transpositional recombination (Transposition): recombination between specific sequences and nonspecific DNA sites

1）多细胞动物起源；2）腔肠动物门 个体发育和系统发育的基本概念，多细胞动物胚胎发育的一般规律，生物发生律，多细胞动物起源于单细胞动物的假说与证据，动物的进化 腔肠动物门的特征，代表性动物，分类，与人类的关系，腔肠动物的进化地位，珊瑚面临的威胁与保护

原腔动物门的特征，代表性动物，分类，与人类的关系（重要病原体及其生活史），自由生活线虫的生物学及生态学特征