Simultaneity Simultaneity is a specific type of endogeneity problem in which the explanatory variable is jointly determined with the dependent variable 2 As with other types of endogeneity, IV estimation can solve the problem o Some special issues to consider with simultaneous equations modelS(SEM) Economics 20- Prof anderson

Fixed Effects estimation When there is an observed fixed effect. an alternative to first differences is fixed effects estimation Consider the average over time of y Bx1+…+Bxik+a1+l The average of a, will be ai so if you subtract the mean. a will be differenced out just as when doing first differences Economics 20- Prof anderson

A True panel vs a Pooled cross section Often loosely use the term panel data to refer to any data set that has both a cross sectional dimension and a time-series dimension More precisely it's only data following the same cross-section units over time Otherwise it's a pooled cross-section Economics 20- Prof anderson

西方国家盛行“ Occam's razor”原则,意思是 “简单优于复杂”的节约性原则。经济模型永远 无法完全把握现实,在建立模型中一定的抽象和 简化是不可避免的。 在研究进口与国内生产总值的关系时,考虑到时 间趋势,建立并估计了以下模型

Testing for AR(IS eria Correlation Want to be able to test for whether the errors are serially correlated or not Want to test the null thatp=0 in u,=pu, 1 +et=2.. where u is the model error

Time series vs Cross sectional e Time series data has a temporal ordering unlike cross-section data Will need to alter some of our assumptions to take into account that we no longer have a random sample of individuals Instead. we have one realization of a stochastic(i.e. random) process Economics 20- Prof anderson

Functional form e We' ve seen that a linear regression can really fit nonlinear relationships 2 Can use logs on RHS, LHS or both Can use quadratic forms ofx's Can use interactions ofx's e How do we know if we've gotten the right functional form for our model? Economics 20- Prof anderson

一、异方差的实质和产生的原因 二、异方差产生的后果 三、异方差的检测方法 四、异方差的补救

发展农业和建筑业会减少财政收入吗？ 为了分析各主要因素对财政收入的影响，建立财政收 入模型: 其中: CS财政收入(亿元) ; NZ农业增加值(亿元); GZ工业增加值(亿元); JZZ建筑业增加值(亿元); TPOP总人口(万人);

• 一、向量自回归模型定义 • 二、VAR的稳定性 • 三、VAR模型滞后期k的选择 • 四、VAR模型的脉冲响应函数和方差分解 • 五、格兰杰非因果性检验 • 六、VAR与协整 • 七、实例