Daniel E Prober is in the Departments of Applied Physics and Physics, Yale University, NewHaven, Connecticut 06520-8284 USA. e-mail: daniel.prober@yale.edu Astronomers crave a detector sensitive enough to detect a single photon and determine its energy. new single-pixel

The events leading to the discovery of tunnelling supercurrents took place while I was working as a research student at the Royal Society Mond Labo- ratory, Cambridge, under the supervision of Professor Brian Pippard. During my second year as a research student, in 1961-2, we were fortunate to have as a visitor to the laboratory Professor Phil Anderson, who has made numerous

Ever since last Novem ber, I have been wanting to ex press in person my gratit ude to the generas ity of Alfred Nobel, to w hom i ow e it t hat I am privileged be here today, es pecial y since ill ness prevented me from doi ng so at the proper time. the idealism w hic h permeated his char acter led him to make his magnifice nt foundation for the benefit of a cl ass of men with w hose aims and view poi nt his ow n scienti fic instincts and a bility had made him naturally his

Nobel Lecture, June 2, 1920 The genesis and present state of development of the quantum theory If i take it correctly that the duty imposed upon me today is to give a public lecture on my writings, then i believe that this task, the importance of which i am well aware through the gratitude felt towards the noble-minded founder of our Foundation, cannot be more suitably fulfilled than by my trying to give you the story of the origin of the quantum theory in broad outlines and to couple with this, a picture in a small frame of the development of this theory up

根据光谱实验和量子力学计算,已十分清楚 （一)基态原子的电子构型/分布规律/原则 第一,多电子原子中不同n、原子轨道的能级高低不同 (这里不包含量子数m和m,因一般没有磁场) 我国科学家徐光宪教授首先总结出:

1959年阿哈罗夫-玻姆提出在量子力学可适用 的微观态中A和有可观测的物理效应,这 一效应被称为A-B效应。 A-B效应表明,在量子物理中磁场的物理效 应不能完全用来描述,矢势可以对电子发 生相互作用。但是由于的任意性,用它描 述磁场显然又过多

第一节材料的形变 第二节材料的塑性、蠕变与粘弹性 第三节材料的断裂与机械强度 第四节材料的量子力学基础

（1)微观粒子的状态可以由一个坐标和时间的连续、单 值、平方可积的函数(波函数y来描述。 y2=y*y为粒子在空间某点出现的几率密度,满足归一化条件 (即整个空间找到1粒子的几率为1):ydr-y*ydr-1

理论上量子力学态叠加原理:微粒运动状态重新线性组合的结果,仍然为微粒在相同条件下的运动状态

宇宙万物是由哪些基本物质构成的呢?人类从上 古时代起就开始了关于物质结构的探讨 到20世纪初卢瑟福根据a粒子衍射现象提出了“含 核的原子模型” 1913年波尔提出了核外电子分层排布的波尔理论 直到20世纪30年代,以微观粒子波粒二象性为 基础发展起来的量子力学,才建立了比较符合微观 世界实际的物质结构近代理论