“One should beware of mathematicians and all who make empty prophecies. The danger already exists that the mathematicians have made a covenant with the devil to darken the spirit and confine man in the bonds of Hell” St Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, circa 400 A.D “To move things is all that Mankind can do…For such the

Muscles Active while Lengthening Consider the example of ordinary exercise, lets say one of the running events in the Olympics. Muscle functions to stop the motion of the athlete as often as it does to start it. When a load larger than isometric tetanus tension To is applied to a muscle in a tetanic state of activation, the muscle lengthens at a constant

1. In shortening, the relationship between the Force and Velocity is (Hill's Curve - know this!!): (T+a)(v+b) = (T0+a)b Hyperbolic Form

Musculoskeletal Dynamics Grant Schaffner

Early Ideas about Muscular Contraction Hippocrates thought that the tendons caused the body to move (he confused tendons with nerves, and in fact used the same word, neuron, for both)

Principal Aim To assess the strength changes, and associated change in fracture risk, due to structural alterations in the proximal femora of astronauts experiencing long￾term weightlessness

The Fundamental problem The Fundamental problem Bones get less dense as we age Bones get less dense as we age Old people with low density bones Old people with low density bones fracture easily fracture easily Space -flight rapidly causes bones to flight rapidly causes bones to get less dense get less dense

Thematic Analysis: Outside Communications Receive Replacement Personnel or Visitors Receive Information F rom Outside Receive Mail or Fax From Friends or Family I Write, Fax, or Telephone t o Friends or Family

Physiological System Neurovestibular System Fluids and Electrolytes Cardiovascular System Clinical

Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support Mars Reference Mission