一切生物细胞内的基因都能保持其相对稳定性，但在一定内外因 素的影响下，遗传物质就可能发生变化，这种遗传物质的变化及其所 引起的表型改变称为突变（mutation）。广义的突变包括染色体畸变 （chromosome aberration）和基因突变（gene mutation）。前者将在以 后章节中介绍，本章着重讨论基因突变

Medical Genetics Genetic diseases and congenital malformations occur in approximately 2 to 5 of all live births, account for up to 30% of paediatric admissions to hospital, and are an important cause of death under the age of 15 years

一、单基因病的概念 二、系谱常用符号及系谱分析 三、各种单基因病的系谱特征 四、AD的各种类型 五、影响单基因病发病风险的因素 六、单基因病发病风险的估计

一、前言 二、染色体畸变发生的原因 三、染色体数目异常及其产生的机制 四、染色体结构畸形及其产生的机制

The most common gene change involves a single base mismatch--a misspelling--placing the wrong base in the DNA. At other times, a single base may be dropped or added. And sometimes large pieces of DNA are mistakenly repeated or deleted

Medical genetics 2. Inborn errors of metabolism Inborn errors of metabolism are are genetic disorders in which the body cannot turn food into energy (metabolize food) normally. The disorders are usually caused by defects in the enzymes involved in the biochemical pathways that break down food components

1、细菌变异的概念与类型 2、细菌变异的遗传学基础 3、噬菌体的结构与类型 4、细菌基因变异的机制 5、细菌间基因转移与重组的方式

一、遗传物质的结构和功能 二、遗传损伤的分类 三、遗传毒性的形成机制 四、突变的后果 五、突变的遗传学终点 六、基因突变的分类和检测 七、机体对突变的作用： 八、致突变实验的组合实验 九、抗突变研究的进展

2. Inborn Errors of Metabolism Inborn errors of metabolism are rare genetic disorders in which the body cannot turn food into energy (metabolize food) normally. The disorders are usually caused by defects in the enzymes involved in the biochemical pathways that break down food components

基因定位 gene location 连锁分析(linkage analysis) 体细胞杂交法（somatic cell hybridization） 克隆嵌板法（clone panel method） 原位杂交（in situ hybridization） 荧光原位杂交（florescence in-situ hybridization,FISH） 基因定位的应用 人类基因组计划