The question of growth is nothing new but new disguise for an age-old issue, one which has always intrigued and preoccupied economics: the present versus the future. -James Tobin If you have ever spoken with your grandparents about what their lives were like when they were young, most likely you learned an important lesson over about economics: material standards of have improved substantially over form time for most families in most countries

Introduction to Economic Fluctuations The modern world regards business cycles much as the ancient Egyptians regarded the overflowing of the Nile. The phenomenon recurs at intervals, it is of great importance to everyone, and natural causes of it are not in sight -John Bates Clark, 1898 Economic fluctuations present a recurring problem for economists and policy-

When conducting monetary and fiscal policy, policymakers often look be- yond their own country's borders Even if domestic prosperity is their sole ob jective, it is necessary for them to consider the rest of the world. The international flow of goods and services and the international flow of capital can affect an economy in profound ways. Policymakers ignore these effects at In this chapter we extend our analysis of aggregate demand to include inter- national trade and finance. The model developed in this chapter, called the Mundell-Fleming model, is an open-economy version of the IS-LM model. Both models stress the interaction between the goods market and the money market. Both models assume that the price level is fixed and then show what

The Federal Reserve 's job is to take away the punch bowl just as the party William McChesney martin tiously turning the steering wheel to adjust to the unexpected irregule ties of the route, but some means of keeping the monetary passenger who is in the back seat as ballast from occasionally leaning over and giving the steering wheel a jerk that threatens to send the car off the road Milton friedman

1-1.The United States 1-2: The European Union 1-3: Japan and East Asia 1-4: China 1-5: The Core Content of Macroeconomics 1-6: Looking ahead

3-1: The Composition of GDP 3-2: The Demand for Goods 3-3: The Determination of Equilibrium Output 3-4: Investment Equals Saving:An Alternative Way of Thinking About Goods-Market Equilibrium 3-5:ls the Government Omnipotent?A warning

5-1.The Goods Market and the IS Relation 5-2: Financial Market and the LM Relation 5-3: The iS-LM- Model: Exercise 5-4: Using a Policy Mix 5-5: Adding Dynamics 5-6: Does the IS-LM Model Actually Capture What Happens in the Economy?

7-1: The IS Relation in the open Economy 7-2: Equilibrium Output and the Trade Balance 7-3. Increases in Demand, Domestic or Foreign 7-4: Depreciation, the Trade Balance,and output 7-5: Looking at Dynamics: The J-Curve 7-6: Saving, Investment, and Trade Deficits

9-1: Aggregate Supply 9-2: Aggregate Demand 9-3: Equilibrium Output in the Short and the Medium Run 9-4: The Effects of a Monetary Expansion 9-5: A Decrease in the Budget Deficit 9-6: Changes in the Price of Oil 9-7: Conclusions

1、今年的名义国内生产总值大于去年的名义国内生产总值,说明: A.今年的物价水平一定比去年高了 B今年生产的物品和劳务总量一定比去年增加了 C.今年的物价水平和实物产量水平一定都比去年提高了 D以上三种说法都不一定正确