They are solid, thinner filament structures (6-8 nm, in diameter) composed of a double-helical polymer of the protein actin. And microfilaments play a key role of in virtually all types of contractility and location of cells as well as motility within cells

第一节 含生物碱类成分的分析 第二节 黄酮类成分分析 第三节 三萜皂苷类制剂的分析 第四节 醌类成分的分析 第五节 挥发性成分分析

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1. A brief history of studies on the structrure of the plasma membrane 2. Model of membrane structure: an experimental perspective 3. The chemical composition of membranes 4. Characteristics of biomembrane 5. An overview of the functions of biomembranes

1. Compartmentalization in Eukaryotic Cells; 2. The structural and functional relationship between the ER, Golgi complexes, lysosomes and plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells; 3. The pathways of proteins targeting and sorting, and its mechanisms; 4. The ways of protein modifications and intracellular sites after they are synthesized; 5. Types of vesicle transport and their functions

1. Principles of membrane transport; 2. Passive transport and active transport; 3. Two main classes of membrane transport proteins: Carriers and Channels; 4. The ion transport systems; 5. Endocytosis and Phagocytosis: cellular uptake of macromolecules and particles

Cell signaling can affect virtually every aspect of cell structure and function: Activation of enzyme activity;  Change in cytoskeletal organization;  Change in ion permeability;  Initiation of DNA synthesis;  Activation or repression of gene expression

(1) Mitochondria: in all eukaryotic cells The relationship between the structure and function of mit. (2) Chloroplasts: in plant cells The relationship between the structure and function of chl. Mit: Oxidative phosphorylation→ ATP Chl: Photosynthesis→ ATP+NADPH→ Sugar

酶：是一类由活细胞合成的，对其特异底物起高效催化作用的蛋白质。 第一节 酶的分子结构与功能 第二节 酶的工作原理 第三节 酶促反应动力学 第四节 酶的调节 第五节 酶的分类及命名 第六节 酶与医学的关系

第一节 脂溶性维生素 Lipid-soluble Vitamin 第二节 水溶性维生素 Water-soluble Vitamin 第三节 微量元素 Trace Element 第四节 钙、磷及其代谢 Metabolism of Calcium and Phosphorus