This version is made for bilingual teaching .Case-control study is an essential research design of Epidemiology, which involves identifying patients who have the outcome of interest (cases) and control patients who do not have that same outcome, and looking back to see if they had the exposure of interest. The exposure could be some environmental factor, a behavioural factor, or exposure to a drug or other therapeutic intervention

Etiology and Epidemiology of ICH >Trauma (epidural, subdural, or subarachnoid) fetal head is too large in proportion to the size of the pelvic outlet prolonged labor/breech or precipitate deliveries

Epidemiology of CHD Prevalence CHD occurs in 0.5-0.8% of live births; The incidence is higher among stillborns 死产(3-4%), abortuses流产(10-25%),and premature infants (about 2% excluding PDA); About 2-3 in 1,000 newborn infants will be symptomatic with heart disease in the first year of life

EPIDEMIOLOGY TBM Tuberculous Meningitis (TBM) The younger the children, the more readily to develop TBM. 60% in Children aged 1-3 years Death rate:15-30%

Objective 1 Definition types and mechanism of osteoporosis 2 Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of osteoporosis 3 Etiology and epidemiology of osteoporosis

Epidemiology 6th leading cause of death in U.S. Number one Among the infectious diseases 6 million patients annually in US Incidence 5~10/1,000/year Mortality in OPD patients 1-5 % but Inpatients 25%, ICU 50-60%