abilities for pd manas alysis23-4,128-30 activities 20. 95.144-6 ive 74-5 commercialisation 119-23. 322-4 and operational 71-6 337-8,342-3 consumer and industrial products apple product development 317, 319-26 318-9 design and process development assessment tool and methodology(ATM) 112-14,322,336-7,341-2

Managing innovation is a necessary skill for senior management of all food companies producing new raw materials, new ingredients or new consumer products. Company growth and even survival depends on the introduction of successful new products into old and new markets. The dividing line between product success and failure depends on many factors, but the most important are new product qualities, skills and resources of the company, market and marketing proficiency, and an organised product development process

Product development has been a major activity in the food industry for over 40 years, but only gradually has it developed as a strategic business area and also as an advanced technology. For a long time it was essentially a craft, loosely related to the research and engineering areas in the company. The pressures for product development came very strongly from the needs of the growing supermarkets for a constantly changing, extensive mix of products and for continuous price promotions. So there was the drive for product difference

The four basic stages in the PD Process are the same for all food product development, but there are significant differences in the activities, techniques and timings for new product development in the primary production, industrial food processing, and food manufacturing industries Primary production's product development is based on either a breeding process from cultivated varieties or capturing a new species from the wild. The development of new plants, animals and fish takes a great deal of time and depends on times of growing and harvesting There can be a general product concept based on perceived consumer or industrial wants and needs

Product development does not occur in isolation as a separate functional activity. It is a company philosophy, a basic company strategy and a multifunctional company activity. In recent years to show this all-encompassing basis, bringing together product, process, marketing and organisational innovations, there has been development of an overall innovation strategy. This innovation strategy is related to the company's overall business aims and strategy, as well as the social, economic and technological environment, and the company's own knowledge and skills. The business strategy also includes a duct strategy outlining the products of the future. The combination of the innovation and product strategies is the basis for the product development strategy, and from this can be developed

The PD Process coordinates the specific research activities such as product design, process development, engineering plant design, marketing strategy and desig with the aim of producing an integrated approach to the development of new products. The overall aim is to create a product that an individual consumer or a food manufacturing company or food service organisation will buy. The two parts of product development-the knowledge of the consumer's needs/wants and the knowledge of modern scientific discoveries and technological

人类的生存与动植物的关系密不可分,植物健康地生长与正常的发育 就能提供更多更好的粮油食品、果蔬产品和其他各种农副产品。植物的生 长发育都需要有一定的环境条件,才能保证它按遗传因子所决定的发育程 序正常进行,如要求有适宜的土壤营养和水分条件,合适的温度、湿度、 光照等大气环境,细胞才能正常分裂,生理活动得以顺序进行,最终获得 高产与优质

研究对近期报道的各类功能微生物在防治田间和储藏期黄曲霉菌及毒素的最新进展进行了综述，微生物通过竞争抑制、拮抗作用、毒素的吸附和降解、储藏期呼吸抑制、以及新发现的微生物挥发气体抑菌等方式发挥拮抗作用，为田间和储藏期作物的合理防控、食品安全和人类健康等提供重要的参考依据

第一节 茶的发现与最初利用 第二节 茶的起源－源于中国 第三节 饮茶业的开始 第四节 茶的早期传播 第五节 兴盛的唐代茶文化 第六节 宋代鼎盛时期的茶文化

一、茶文化的定义 文化：文化就是人类精神文明和意识形态的客观表现， 包括生活的方方面面。通常它要借助物质形式来表示， 或以物质为载体。 狭义茶文化：就是人类在发展、生产、利用茶的过程中以茶 为载体表达人与自然及社会之间各种理念、信仰、思想情 感的各种文化形态的总称