Step 1. Identifying the Target Audience Step 2. Determining the Communication Objectives Buyer Readiness Stages

A set of interdependent organizations (intermediaries) involved in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption by the consumer or business user

关于国际战略联盟，存在几种不同的定义： (1)国际战略联盟是企业为推动实现共同目标而制定的双边或多边合作协议； (2)有共同目标、共担风险和合作要求和长期协定； (3)对于那些需要跨国经营而又需要投入大量资本、技术和其他资源的产品开发、生产和市场营销而签订的企业之间的协议；

1. 经济均衡问题及其应用 2. 投资组合问题 3. 市场营销问题

重庆邮电大学：《现代企业管理——理念、方法、技术》课程教学资源（PPT课件讲稿）第3章 市场营销管理

Objectives Setting the Price Adapting the Price Initiating & Responding to Price Changes

Any form of nonpersonal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods, or services by an identified sponsor. U.S. advertisers spend in excess of $175 billion each year. Advertising is used by: – Business firms, –Nonprofit organizations, –Professionals

Anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use or consumption. Satisfies a want or a need. Includes: –Physical Products –Services –Persons –Places

消费者行为是指消费者为获取、使用、处置消费物 品或服务所采取的各种行动，包括先于且决定这些 行动的决策过程 . 影响消费者行为的个体与心理因素是：需要与动机 ；知觉；学习与记忆；态度；个性、自我概念与生 活方式。这些因素不仅影响和在某种程度上决定消 费者的决策行为，而且它们对外部环境与营销刺激 的影响起放大或抑制作用

市场渗透: increase sales to present customers with current products. How? Cut prices, increase advertising, get products into more stores. 市场开发: develop new markets with current products. How? Identify new demographic or geographic markets