4.1 compounding 4.2 the frequency of compounding 4.3 present value and discounting 4.4 alternative discounted cash flow decision rules 4.5 multiple cash flows 4.6 annuities 4.7 perpetual annuities 4.8 loan amortization 4.9 exchange rates and time value of money 4.10 inflation and discounted cash flow analysis 4.11 taxes and investment decision