10.1 Basic definitions A failure is an unacceptable behaviour exhibited by a system —The frequency of failures measures the reliability —An important design objective is to achieve a very low failure rate and hence high reliability. —A failure can result from a violation of an explicit or implicit requirement

Gene clusters are formed by duplication and divergence Sequence divergence is the basis for the evolutionary clock Pseudogenes are dead ends of evolution Unequal crossing-over rearranges gene clusters Genes for rRNA form tandem repeats ( The repeated genes for rRNA maintain constant sequence) Crossover fixation could maintain identical repeats Satellite DNAs often lie in heterochromatin Arthropod satellites have very short identical repeats Mammalian satellites consist of hierarchical repeats Minisatellites are useful for genetic mapping

xample, if you are suddenly very sick deep at night with nobody to turn to for Today more and more taxis are seen help in an unfamiliar place, taxi is always in China. It often happened in the past available to help you to go to a hospital that we had to wait for hours until we fi As a result, there is a sharp increase taxis In eing squee

gence while others from their intelligence Whatever comments one may make,it must be without breaking any law in- volved. If a person works very hard for an

I guess if you had to pick one thing out that is most important in our environment, I’d say it’s not the tools that we use, it’s the people. The most important ingredient that was successful on this project was having smart people… very little else matters in my opinion…The most important thing you do for a project is selecting the staff…

Air Buoyancy Akin to water keeping something afloat, samples can be “lifted” by air, artificially decreasing their apparent weight. This air buoy￾ancy can have a significant effect on smaller samples. Electrostatic Forces Electrostatic charges are almost always present in any environ￾ment, particularly in areas with very low humidity. If there are

• Teaching staffs • Textbook and Grading • Course Schedule • Motivation • Suggested reading – Preface xvii~xx • Bit and Byte • Context is very important • Understand machine representations of numbers • Information storage • Bit level manipulation • Suggested reading

生命科学的核心问题： 生命是什么？ 终极问题,最后Boss 一个 DNA （Gene）---- Gain/lost of function 多个或一组 DNA （Genes/ genome）----系统，网络 合成生物？ 干细胞组织工程？克隆动物（人）？ 肿瘤，转基因动物（绿色荧光小鼠），遗传病 DNA is very important ! • DNA的碱基排列（ATGC）顺序（sequence） 储存着遗传信息，进而决定物种性状； • 人的核内DNA有3X10^9个碱基对，以23对染 色体形式存在。 Decoding the genome: classical methods and ideas Mapping open chromatin in cd28/ctl4/icos locus region during T cells activation

Reasons for simulation being underutilized • Simulation modeling is a time-consuming and knowledge/information intense process • Most models developed are customized “rigid” models that cannot be reused or easily adapted to other even similar problems (Arons 1999, 2000; Zhou 2004) • Conceptual modeling is a critical step that directly affects the quality and efficiency of simulation projects, but hardly supported with current technology, and still a very difficult and ad-hoc process that depends on the skill and experience of individual modelers (Mclean, 2001; Robinson, 2004)

2.2 Estimating Overall Forces -Vertical dead loads(5～10kN/m²) -Vertical live loads = equivalent dead loads(2～5kN/m²) - Horizontal wind load - Horizontal earthquake load 2.3 Aspect Ratios and Overturn Resistance Aspect ratio (h/d) is one of the main considerations in schematic level. It is very important for overall stability of a building against overturning. 2.4 Strength and Stiffness of Buildings Carrying capacity –enough strength (against loads) Rigidity of building – enough stiffness (against deformation) 2.5 Symmetry and Asymmetry in Building Forms Asymmetry building is caused by: - asymmetry of building elevation - asymmetry of supporting system - asymmetry of dead loads or live loads