Reversible ligation of Ubiquitin and Ubls to other proteins. Figure by MIT OCW. After Figure 1 in Hochstrasser M. Evolution and function of ubiquitin-like protein-conjugation systems. Nat Cell Biol. 2000 Aug:

UNIT CELL PROCESSES Regulator UCP Cell Matrix Product Regulator Connect. ECM Mitosis Tiss. Adhesion Sy Synthesis Epithelia |Protein Migration Muscle Collagen

一、 DNA水平的调控 二、 转录水平的调控(transcriptional regulation) 三、转录后水平的调控(post transcriptionalregulation) 四、翻译水平的调控(translational regulation) 五、 翻译后水平的调控(protein maturation)

Types of chemotaxins – C5a attracts neutrophils and monocytes – Made by bacteria Peptide clipped off N-terminus (beginning with N￾formylmethionine) during peptide maturation after protein synthesis

E1.Membrane lipids E2.Membrane protein and carbohydrate E3.Membrane transport:small molecules E4.Membrane transport:macromolecules E5.Signal transduction

一、氨基酸 (Amino Acid)（重点内容） （一）结构特点 （二）20 种基本氨基酸 （三）氨基酸的特性 （四）氨基酸的合成与拆分 二、肽 (Peptides) 三、蛋白质 (Proteins)（简述）

Bacterial chemical components Water: free water and compound water. Inorganic salt: phosphus, potassium magnesium,calcium, nitrium,etc. Protein: 50%-80% of dry weight accordingbacterial kinds and age. Sugar: mainly distributing in cell wall andcapsule. Lipids: composed of lipid, fatty acid, wax, etc. Nucleic acid: RNA and DNA

Chapter 1: Plasmids and Their Usefulness in Molecular Cloning Chapter 2: Bacteriophage and Its Vectors Chapter 3: Working with Bacteriophage M13 Vectors Chapter 4: Working with High-Capacity Vectors Chapter 5: Gel Electrophoresis of DNA and Pulsed-Field Agarose Chapter 6: Preparation and Analysis of Eukaryotic Genomic DNA Chapter 7: Extraction, Purification, and Analysis of mRNA from Eukaryotic Cells Chapter 8: In Vitro Amplification of DNA by the Polymerase Chain Reaction Chapter 9: Preparation of Radiolabeled DNA and RNA Probes Chapter 10: Working with Synthetic Oligonucleotide Probes Chapter 11: Preparation of cDNA Libraries and Gene Identification Chapter 12: DNA Sequencing Chapter 13: Mutagenesis Chapter 14: Screening Expression Libraries Chapter 15: Expression of Cloned Genes in Escherichia coli Chapter 16: Introducing Cloned Genes into Cultured Mammalian Cells Chapter 17: Analysis of Gene Expression in Cultured Mammalian Cells Chapter 18: Protein Interaction Technologies

Over the past decade the variety of hosts and vector systems for recombinant protein expression has increased dramatically. Researchers now select from among mammalian, insect, yeast, and prokaryotic hosts, and the number of vectors available for use in these organisms continues to grow

一、高分子化合物(Macromolecular compound)——由众多原子或原子团以共价键结合形成的相对分子量在10,000以上的化合物 二、高分子化合物分为：– 天然高分子化合物： 三、棉花、淀粉(starch)、丝绸(silk)、纤维素(cellulose)、蛋白质(protein)等