概念:体积微小、结构简单、只含有一种类型的核酸,必须在易感的活 细胞内以复制的方式进行增殖的非细胞型微生物成熟的病毒体称为病毒体

cell receptor when complexed with MHC,are called antigens. The molecular properties of antigens and he way in which these properties ultimately contribute to immune activation are central to our understanding of the mmune system. This chapter describes some of the molecu- Complementarity of Interacting Surfaces of Antibody(left) lar features of antigens recognized by B or T cells. The chap and Antigen(rig ter also explores the contribution made to immunogenicity by the biological system of the host; ultimately the biological system determines whether a molecule that combines with a a Immunogenicity Versus Antigenicity Bor T cells antigen-binding receptor can then induce an im

body. These organs can be classified functionally nto two main groups. The primary lymphoid organs provide appropriate microenvironments for the development and maturation of lymphocytes. The secondary lymphoid organs rap antigen from defined tissues or vascular spaces and are sites where mature lymphocytes can interact effectively with that antigen. Blood vessels and lymphatic systems connect these organs, uniting them into a functional whole Carried within the blood and lymph and populating the Macrophage Interacting with

defense system that has evolved to protect animals from invading pathogenic microorganisms and ancer. It is able to generate an enormous variety of cells and molecules capable of specifically recognizing and eliminat ing an apparently limitless variety of foreign invaders. These cells and molecules act together in a dynamic network whose omplexity rivals that of the nervous system. Functionally, an immune response can be divided into two related activities--recognition and response. Immune

目录 一、农药分析取样与分离 二、农药的分离与纯化方法 三、商品农药的一般分析方法 四、气相色谱技术 五、薄层分析、酶抑制技术和荧光技术 六、免疫学检测方法 七、超临界流体萃取技术 八、手性拆分与毛细管电泳

realized that the immune system could go awry and, instead of reacting against foreign antigens, could focus its attack on self-antigens. He termed this con- dition\horror autotoxicus \We now understand that while mechanisms of self-tolerance normally protect an individual from potentially self-reactive lymphocytes, there are failures They result in an inappropriate response of the immune system against self-components termed autoimmunity In the 1960s, it was believed that all self-reactive lymphocytes

一、微生物疾病的诊断  病症观察  显微镜检查  生物化学检验  微生物培养  免疫学技术  分子生物学方法 二、微生物疾病的治疗 三、微生物疾病的预防

immunology, refers to the act of transferring cells, tissues, or organs from one site to another. The desire to accomplish transplants stems from the realization that many diseases can be cured by implantation of a healthy organ, tissue, or cells(a graft)from one individual (the donor)to another in need of the transplant(the recipient or

一、细菌的分布 (一)细菌在自然界的分布 1.土壤(最多) (1)分布:距地面10~20cm的土壤中最多。 (2)与人类的关系

肠道病毒是一大群寄居于人消化道细胞内增殖的病毒。 特点: 1.病毒体呈球形,衣壳为20面体立体对称,无包膜。 2.核心为单股正链RNA,具有感染性。 3.在宿主细胞浆内增殖,有较强的杀细胞作用。 4.耐乙醚和酸,较耐热