table 13-1 Some Signals to Which Cells Respond Antigens Cell surface glycoproteins/oligosaccharides Developmental signals Extracellular matrix components Growth factors Hormones Light Mechanical touch Neurotransmitters Odorants

1. Living matter is composed mostly of the lighter elements 1.1 The composition of living matter is strikingly different from that of its physical environment(1810s) 1.2 The elements found in living organisms also exist in nature(especially in seawater and atmosphere)

1. Biomembranes are organized, sheetlike assemblies consisting mainly of proteins and lipids 1.1 The functions carried out by membranes are diverse and indispensable for life. 1.1.1 Biomembranes give cells their individuality by separating them from the environment

1.1 The Definition of Metabolism The highly integrated network of chemical transformations. Degradation (decreasing order, thus energy releasing) to provide energy, catabolism; Synthesis (increasing order, thus energy consuming) to provide building materials, anabolism

1. Cells need energy to do all their work To generate and maintain its highly ordered structure (biosynthesis of macromolecules). To generate all kinds of movement. To generate concentration and electrical gradients

1. Fatty acids; 2. Eicosanoids: 3. Triacylglycerols 4. Membrane phospholipids; 5. Cholesterol, steroids, and isoprenoids;

Chapter 25 DNA Metabolism 1. How does a DNA molecule replicate with high fidelity? 2. How are DNA lesions (damages)repaired to maintain the integrity of genetic information? 3. How do DNA molecules recombine (rearrange)? High accuracy, multitude of participants

Biocatalysts in organic chemical synthesis 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Micro-organisms as catalysts of organic synthesis 2.3 Enzyme preparations versus whole cell processes 2.4 Scale of production 2.5 Modes of operation of bioprocesses 2.6 Biotechnological processes verses chemical synthetic processes

广东医科大学：《临床生物化学及检验》课程教学资源（理论教案，打印版）第09章 电解质与酸碱平衡检验

一、氧化一还原电势 二、电子传递和氧化呼吸链 三、氧化磷酸化作用