It is well known that advances in scientific medicine have occasionally threatened to displace the history and physical examination in the evaluation of the patient. However, we usually discover that technologic advances serve to make the physical examination more rational and provide new understanding or objective documentation of long- appreciated physical finding

The Evolutionary History of Cell Biology in Brief 1. Discovery of cell and the evolution of cell theory.(~1850s) 2. Establishment of cytology-classic period (1850-1900) 3. Experiment cytological period(1900-1950) 4. Cell biology period(1950-)

艺术史是一门人文科学的基础课程。在北大开设此课又兼顾到美育的需要。所以这门课拟以通史的顺序和相对集中的课题，展开艺术史的理论和知识的陈述。这门课一共开设八年为一个完整的段落。每次（一学期时段）讲授一个艺术史时段并侧重论证艺术史中的某一个问题。为了顾及选修学生的切入水平，每学期讲入正题前用二次课程讲解1、本学期内容在艺术通史中的份量、位置和特别意义；2、艺术史的观念和方法

Pre-reading Information 1. Boxing Sport of fighting with fists, also called pugilism and prizefighting 2. Early History Depicted on the walls of tombs at Beni Hasan in Egypt, dating from about 2000 te 1500 B.C., boxing is one of the oldest

1 Introduction Electrostatic thrusters (“ion engines”) are the best developed type of electric propulsion device, dating in conception to the ‘50’s,(1) and having been demonstrated in space in 1964 on a suborbital flight of the SERT I spacecraft(2). The early history

2.1 The postulate In 1864, James Clerk Maxwell proposed one of the most successful theories in the history of science. In a famous memoir to the Royal Society [125] he presented nine equations summarizing all known laws on electricity and magnetism. This was more than a mere cataloging of the laws of nature. By postulating the need for an additional term to make the set of equations self-consistent

Important Persons in Microbiology History 1684 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (discovery of bacteria) 1857-1864 Louis Pasteur (lactic acid fermentation, yeast alcohol fermentation, spontaneous generation theory “swan neck flasks”) 1881-1884 Robert Koch (pure culture, cause of tuberculosis, Koch’s postulates, cause of (霍乱) cholera）

问诊是医师通过对患者或有关人员的系 统询问而获取病史资料的过程，又称为 病史采集（history taking） 病史的完整性和准确性对疾病的诊断和 处理有很大的影响，因此问诊是每个临 床医生必须掌握的基本功

1. Discovery of cell and the evolution of cell theory. (~1850s) MJ. Schleiden (1804-1884): Beitrage zur Phytogehesis(植物发 生论), Arch Anat Physiol 1838, 137-176

Functional Solid State Materials Electrical properties Optical properties Magnetic properties Mechanical properties “the secret for transmuting base metals into precious gold” Materials & History