一、失业的数据 失业的定义与衡量 凡在一定年龄范围内愿意工作而没有工作，并正在寻找工 作的人即为失业者。 衡量一个经济中失业状况的基本指标是失业率。失业率是 失业人数占劳动力人数的百分比

上一章讨论了产品市场中的四方面的总支出水平如何决定经 济社会的总产出水平，而且假设了投资（i）是一个常数。 但市场经济社会中不但有产品市场，而且有货币市场，两个 市场还是相互影响，相互依存的；不但消费（c）是一个变 量，而且投资（i）也是一个变量

Meaning of Money As the word money is used in everyday conversation, it can mean many things, but to economists, it has a very specific meaning. To avoid confusion, we must clarify how economists’ use of the word money. Economists define money (money supply) as anything that is generally accepted in payment for goods or services or in the repayment of debts. 货币（货币供应）定义为在商品和劳务或债务偿 还中被普遍接受的任何东西

In this chapter, we examine how banking is conducted（运营） to earn the highest profits possible（可能 的利润） how and why banks make loans （贷款） how they acquire（取得） funds and manage their assets（资产） and liabilities（负债）

通过本章的学习，使学生对货币及货币市场均衡有一定的了 解和认识，能够对货币市场的均衡状态及自动调解机制做出判断 和解释

通过本章的学习，使学生理解什么是供给管理政策，什么是 对外经济政策，会运用本章所学知识分析国际经济形势，懂得各 国对外经济政策的目的和用意

一、本章教学目的与要求： 政府的职能； 政府支出对均衡国民收入的影响和大小； 政府税收和转移支出对均衡国民收入的影响和大小；

Integration of Market Exchange and Money Circulation Abstract: Money as a medium of exchange is circulated along with market exchanges. The process of market exchanges can be viewed as a sequence of trades with the starting point to be an autonomous demand. Money in this process is naturally integrated with the proceeding of market

I guess I have to come out to reply to those who concern with the nature rate of unemployment. First, What is the natural rate of unemployment? It is assumed to be the unemployment rate at the steady state or equilibrium. Note that equilibrium here is not referred to the common demand-supply equilibrium, but to a state at which things are not changed, or remain the same. More specifically, suppose we can have an economy that could be expressed by the following dynamic system

I guess I have to come out to reply to those who concern with the nature rate of unemployment. First, What is the natural rate of unemployment? It is assumed to be the unemployment rate at the steady state or equilibrium. Note that equilibrium here is not referred to the common demand-supply equilibrium, but to a state at which things are not changed, or remain the same. More specifically, suppose we can have an economy that could be expressed by the following dynamic system