一、抗生素的定义 微生物在代谢过程中产生的,在低浓度下就 能抑制它种微生物的生长和活动,甚至杀死它 种微生物的化学物质。如青霉素、链霉素和金 霉素等 两点补充:1、来源方面,不再局限于微生物生产; 2、性能方面:不再局限于抗细菌,抗肿瘤、抗 原虫、抗病毒、抗寄生虫、杀虫除草等

(一)蛋白质分子量测定 (1)根据化学组成测最低分子量 1.肌红蛋白、血红蛋白均含铁0335%,分别求它们的最低分子量: 肌红蛋白为558(Fe原子量)÷0.335×100=16700,与其他方法测分 子量相符。 血红蛋白含铁也是0.35%,最低分子量也为16700,但用其他方法测 分子量为68000,即每一个血红蛋白含有4个铁原子,由此计算更为准确 分子量为:16700×4=66800

酶 一、维生素概论 (一)维生素的定义 维生素是机体维持正常生命活动所必不可少的一类有机物质。需要量极微,主要由外界供给; 不是细胞组成成分,也不是供能物质,而是参与物质代谢的调节;

1. Proteins are extremely versatile in function and crucial in virtually all biological processes. 1.1 Almost all chemical reactions occurring in living organisms are catalyzed by enzymes. 1.1.1 Many thousands of enzymes have been discovered, each catalyzing a different kind of chemical reaction

1. The nucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), are polymers of nucleotide units 1.1 DNA consists of four kinds of deoxyribonucleotide units linked together through covalent bonds 1.1.1 Each nucleotide unit is made of a nitrogenous base (the various part in the four different deoxyribonucleotides), a pentose sugar and a phosphate group

1. Carbohydrates are aldehyde or ketone compounds with multiple hydroxyl groups or substances that can yield such compounds on hydrolysis(p. 293) 1.1 Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecules on earth and have multiple roles in all forms of life. 1.1.1 Carbohydrates serve as energy stores (e.g., starch in plants, glycogen in animals), fuels (e.g., glucose), and metabolic intermediates (e.., ATP, many coenzymes)

1. Hemoglobin is a multisubunit allosteric rotein that carries 02 in erythrocyte. 1.1 Hemoglobin is a well-studied and well-understood protein. 1.1.1 It was one of the first proteins to have its molecular mass accurately determined. 1.1.2 The first protein to be characterized by ultracentrifuge. 1.1.3 The first protein to be associated with a specific physiological function

1. Lipids encompass a large and diverse group of organic compounds 1.1 Lipids are broadly defined as biological molecules that are soluble in organic solvents. 1.1.1 Lipids are usually extracted from biological materials by nonpolar solvents like ether, chloroform(氯仿), benzene(苯). 1.2 The biological functions of lipids are diverse. 1.2.1 Certain lipids(e.g., triacylglycerols(三脂酰甘油), commonly called fats) serve as efficient reserves for the storage of energy

一、化学动力学基础 1、化学动力学基础:了解反应速率及其测定、反应分子数 和反应级数、各级反应的特征(351页)。 2、什么叫酶促反应动力学?(Kinetics of enzyme-catalyzed- reaction 酶促反应动力学是研究酶促反应的速度以及影响 此速度的各种因素的科学,是酶工程研究中的一个 重要内容

一、蛋白质构象(高级结构)的研究方法 到目前为止,研究蛋白质高级结构的方法仍然是 以射线衍射法(X--ray diffraction method)为主,X射 线衍射法的原理是:当X射线(=500nm)投射到蛋白 质晶体样品时,蛋白质分子内部结构受到激动,入 射线反射波互相叠加产生衍射波,衍射波含有被测 蛋白质构造的全部信息,通过摄影即可得一张衍射 图案(diffraction pattern),再用电脑进行重组,即可 绘出一张电子密度图(electro density map)。从电子密 度图可以得到样品的三维分子图象,即分子结构的 模型