7.1 concept learning 7.1.1 concept A concept is a category under which specific elements may be grouped.e.g. a red ball, a red pencil, and a red chair are all instances of the simple concept “red”. An “even number” is defined as any integer(整数) that is divisible by two without a remainder, and that an “odd number” is one that is not evenly(均匀地) divisible by two
1. Software Testing Background a. What is the software defect? b. Why do bugs occur? c. The Cost of bugs? d. What exactly does a tester do? e. The making of a software tester 2. The Software Development Process a. What is a software product? b. Software Project staff c. Software Lifecycle Models 3. The Realities of Software Testing a. Testing Principles b. Terms and Definitions for software testing
Interpretation over a singleton Let I be , and σ ∈ ΣI. 1. I(A)(σ) = I(∀xA)(σ). 2. I(t)(σ) = a. 3. I(Sx1,···,xn t1,···,tn A)(σ) = I(A)(σ). 4. I0(P), σ(P) ∈ {I(n), Ψ(n)} for every n-ary predicate constant (variable), where