Born in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania. Received bachelor’s degree in Hamilton College in New York, majored in English literature. He decided to be a writer.(influenced by Robert Frost)

Received bachelor’s degree in Hamilton College in New York, majored in English literature. He decided to be a writer.(influenced by Robert Frost)

4.2.1 Ivan Petrovich Pavlov:Sep.14, 1849 – Feb.27, 1936 Place of birth: Ryazan (Russia) Education: Studied medicine at St. Petersburg (Russia)

4.1.1 Edward Lee Thorndyke:1874-1949, American educational psychologist. 1891-1895,studied English literature in Wesleyan University

Anything that can be learned from direct experience can also be learned by indirect or vicarious experience

Are they instances of learning? (1) A young child takes his first steps. (2) An adolescent male feels a strong attraction tocertain females. (3) A child feels anxious when he sees the doctorcoming with a needle

4.1 Thorndike’s Connectionism 4.1.1 Edward Lee Thorndike:1874-1949, American educational psychologist. 1891-1895,studied English literature in Wesleyan University. 1895-1897,studied psychology in Harvard Unviversity.(James) 1897-1898, studied in Columbia University, and got his PH.D.(Kattel)

Development refers to the ways people grow, adapt, and change during their lifetimes. physical development, personality development, socioemotional development, cognitive development(thinking), and language development

The foundation of E.P.: before 1920s Wundt,1879: methodology James, “Talks to the teachers” 1899; “The principles of psychology”1890; Dewey: apply psychology to education

1.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. American Psychology Association(APA) 2.Journal of Educational Psychology,APA 3. Contemporary Educational Psychology.APA 4. Educational Psychologist.APA