Chapter10 Acids(酸) and bases(碱)
Chapter 10 Acids (酸) and Bases （碱）
10.1 Acids donate protons, bases accept them Sulfuric acid is the number one manufactured chemical 85 billion pounds (40,000,000tons annually in US. Acid has sour taste Bases have bitter"taste and slippery feel. In US, 25 billion pounds Exam ples of acides (10,000,000tons)of Naoh was manufactured
10.1 Acids donate protons, bases accept them • Sulfuric acid is the number one manufactured chemical, 85 billion pounds (40,000,000 tons) annually in US. Acid has “sour” taste. • Bases have “bitter” taste and slippery feel. In US, 25 billion pounds (10,000,000 tons) of NaOH was manufactured. Examples of acides
By definition, acids are chemicals that donate hydrogen ions, and bases are chemicals that accept them HCI H2oCl-+H3O*(hydronium ion) H+ donor← H+ acceptor (acid) (base) HoO NH 3 OH NH4 H donor Ht acceptor H acceptor* donor (acid)(base)(base)(acid)
By definition, acids are chemicals that donate hydrogen ions, and bases are chemicals that accept them. HCl + H2O Cl- +H3O+ (hydronium ion) H+ donor H+ acceptor (acid) (base) H2O + NH3 OH- + NH4 + H+ donor H+ acceptor H+ acceptorH+ donor (acid) (base) (base) (acid)
A salt is the product of an acid base reaction( neutralization中和) Acid Base Salt Water HCN+NaOH→NaCN+H2O Hydrogen Sodium Sodic Hydroxide Cyanide HNO3+kOH→kNO3+H2O Nitric Potas Pota 2 2H.O Hvd Calc Chloride Hydroxide chloride HE Naoh Naf ho Hydrogen Sodium fluoride Hydroxide Table10.1 acid-base reactions and the salts formed
A salt is the product of an acidbase reaction (neutralization 中和) Acid Base Salt Water HCN + NaOH NaCN + H2O Hydrogen Sodium Sodium Cyanide Hydroxide Cyanide HNO3 + KOH KNO3 + H2O Nitric Potassium Potassium acid Hydroxide nitrate 2HCl + Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 + 2H2O Hydrogen Calcium Calcium Chloride Hydroxide chloride HF + NaOH NaF + H2O Hydrogen Sodium Sodium fluoride Hydroxide fluoride Table10.1 acid-base reactions and the salts formed
10.2 Some acids and bases are stronger than others The stronger an acid, the more readily it donates hydrogen ions The stronger a base, the more readily it accepts hydrogen ions Before Before lonization Equilbrium Equilibrum
10.2 Some acids and bases are stronger than others The stronger an acid, the more readily it donates hydrogen ions. The stronger a base, the more readily it accepts hydrogen ions
Nonelectrolyte B strong electrolyte C weak electrolyte (a The pure water in this circuit is unable to conduct electricity because contains practically no ions (b) Because HCl is a strong acid, nearly all of its molecules break apart in water, giving a high concentration of ions c)Acetic acid, C2H4O2, is a weak acid and in water only a small portion of its molecules break up into ions
A nonelectrolyte B strong electrolyte C weak electrolyte (a) The pure water in this circuit is unable to conduct electricity because it contains practically no ions (b) Because HCl is a strong acid, nearly all of its molecules break apart in water, giving a high concentration of ions (c) Acetic acid, C2H4O2 , is a weak acid and in water only a small portion of its molecules break up into ions
10.3 Solutions can be acidic, basic or neutral In water, equal amount of H3O* and OH(10-M) (neutral solution n acidic solution more Neutral wate Acid added Base added H2O+ than oh- Hydronium and Hydroxide and boride ions from ng HCI adding NaoH In basic solution, more OH- than h2 o+ Equal number More OH than H o H,O and OH after HCl addition
10.3 Solutions can be acidic, basic or neutral In water, equal amount of H3O+ and OH- (10-7M) (neutral solution) In acidic solution, more H3O+ than OHIn basic solution, more OHthan H3O+
Acdy酸性(and Ammonia solutionn basicity碱性)can be scaled by pH value Sodium bicarbonate solution mp pH=-log[ H3O* Neutrality p Lemon juice Pickled ume (Japanese apricot) Gastric juices Difficult living conditions Hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid
Acidity 酸性 (and basicity 碱性) can be scaled by pH value pH = -log[H3O+ ]
10.4 Rainwater is acidic and ocean water is basic The main sources 1. rain is acidified as it falls of acidic ough the all 2. acid enters lake from rain rainwater are 3. hydronium ions are neutralized by calcium carbonate released CO2 and so2 from limestone The damage of 2H3O++CaCO3+3H20+CO2+Caz+ acidic rainwater Rain is acidified as it falls depends on the through the 2. acid enters lake from rain local geology. 3. hydronium ions concentration increases, with potential harm to the ecosystem
10.4 Rainwater is acidic and ocean water is basic The main sources of acidic rainwater are CO2 and SO2 . The damage of acidic rainwater depends on the local geology. 1. rain is acidified as it falls through the air 2. acid enters lake from rain 3. hydronium ions are neutralized by calcium carbonate released from limestone 2H3O++CaCO3 3H2O+CO2+Ca2+ 1.Rain is acidified as it falls through the air 2. acid enters lake from rain 3. hydronium ions concentration increases, with potential harm to the ecosystem
Ocean can absorb CO2 Carbon dioxide is Carbon absorbed and dioxide released is absorbed Fresh-water lake PH<7 Ocean PH=8.2 CO,+H,O 2 H,CO CO,+H,O H2CO3 H2CO3+CaCO3→Ca(HCO3 2 Deposits on ocean floor
Ocean can absorb CO2 Carbon dioxide is absorbed and released Carbon dioxide is absorbed Fresh-water lake PH<7 Ocean PH=8.2