Chapter 13. Chemicals of life No molecule in a living organism is a permanent resident Within 7 years, most of the molecules in a human body have been replaced by new one Individual? Decided completely by the genetic code? No! An individual's identity is continually re-established each and every moment
Chapter 13 .Chemicals of life No molecule in a living organism is a permanent resident. Within 7 years, most of the molecules in a human body have been replaced by new one! Individual? Decided completely by the genetic code? No! An individual’s identity is continually re-established each and every moment
13. 1 Biomolecules are produced and utilized in cells Anatomy of the Plant Cell Chloroplast Mitochondri · Plasma membrane:细胞 Reticulum 膜 Nucleus · Cell wal!:细胞壁 Plant cel Cell nucleus:细胞核 Plasmodesmata Cytoplasm:细胞质 Figure 1 Organelles:细胞器 Carbohydrate:碳水化合 物 Lipid:脂类 · Protein:蛋白质 Animal cell · Nucleic acid:核酸
13.1 Biomolecules are produced and utilized in cells • Plasma membrane: 细胞 膜 • Cell wall: 细胞壁 • Cell nucleus：细胞核 • Cytoplasm: 细胞质 • Organelles: 细胞器 • Carbohydrate: 碳水化合 物 • Lipid: 脂类 • Protein: 蛋白质 • Nucleic acid: 核酸 Plant cell Animal cell
13.2 Carbohydrates give structure and energy Carbohydrates are molecules of carbon, hydrogen Honey and oxygen produced by plant through photosysthesis(光 合作用) CH2OH Saccharide:糖类 H CH2OH Glucose:葡萄糖 Fructose:果糖 Glucose Fructose
13.2 Carbohydrates give structure and energy • Carbohydrates are molecules of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen produced by plant through photosysthesis (光 合作用). • Saccharide: 糖类 • Glucose: 葡萄糖 • Fructose: 果糖 H O OH OH H H OH H OH CH2OH H O CH2OH HO H OH OH H H CH2OH Glucose Fructose Honey
Sucrose:蔗糖 @ a-Glucosid binding B-Fructosidbinding CH2OH CH2OH 0 OH 0、OH OH CH2OH OH OH Glucose Fructose
Sucrose: 蔗糖
Lactose:乳糖 Lactase:乳糖酶 LACTOSE CHoH 1-4CH, oH OH 0 0、n OH 0 OH OH H OH H OH CHa OH OH oH 0. OH 0 OH OH H HO OH OH OH GALACTOSE GLUCOSE
Lactose: 乳糖 Lactase: 乳糖酶
Polysaccharides(3 *EE)are complex carbohydrates Hyaluronic acid 透明质酸 Glucuronic acid 葡萄醛酸 CH,OH Chitin:甲壳素 COH LOOH HY NHCCH OH N-Acetylglucosamine Glucuronic acid CH,OH HO O OH N-Acetylglucosamine
Polysaccharides (多糖) are complex carbohydrates Hyaluronic acid: 透明质酸 Glucuronic acid: 葡萄醛酸 Chitin: 甲壳素
The polysaccharides of the human diet are made only of glucose. These polysaccharides include starch(E *) glycogen(糖原) and cellulose(纤维素), Which differ from one another in how the glucose units are chained together r黑 deyo Amylose:直链淀粉20% A始 Amylopectin:链淀粉80%
The polysaccharides of the human diet are made only of glucose. These polysaccharides include starch (淀粉), glycogen （糖原） and cellulose （纤维素）, which differ from one another in how the glucose units are chained together. Amylose: 直链淀粉20% Amylopectin: 支链淀粉80%
Glycogen is found in animal tissue CH2OH CH2OH O O OH H OH CH2OH CH CH2OH CHoOH H OH H OH H OH H OH OH Glycogen
Glycogen is found in animal tissue
Molecular structure Cellulose CH,OH H OH CHOH H OH H OH形 OH H OH OH H H H HH H OH CH2OH CH,OH Cellulose is consisted of B-glucose and has a straight conformation Cellulose is by far the most abundant organic compound on earth But most animals, including humans, are not able to break cellulose down to glycose
Cellulose is consisted of β–glucose and has a straight conformation. Cellulose is by far the most abundant organic compound on earth. But most animals, including humans, are not able to break cellulose down to glycose
13.3 Lipids are insoluble in water Fats are used for energy and insulation A fat is any biomolecule formed from the reaction of a glycerol molecule, attached to three fatty acid molecules. Fatty acid can be saturated or unsaturated Fats are used to reserve energy. 1 gram of fat contains about 9 calories of energy, while a gram of carbohydrate and protein contains only 4 calories of energy Fats are also used to insulate us from cold CH,O-H HO-C-(CH2)16CH3 CH,O-C-(CH,),CH CHO-H HO-C-(CH21CH3-CH--0-C-(CH)16,+ 3H, O CH2O-H+HO—C-(CH21CH3CHO—C-(H2)16CH Glycerol 3 stearic acid GlyceryL tristearate nolecules I tristearin. a fat)
• Fats are used for energy and insulation • A fat is any biomolecule formed from the reaction of a glycerol molecule, attached to three fatty acid molecules. Fatty acid can be saturated or unsaturated. • Fats are used to reserve energy. 1 gram of fat contains about 9 calories of energy, while a gram of carbohydrate and protein contains only 4 calories of energy. • Fats are also used to insulate us from cold. 13.3 Lipids are insoluble in water