《新编大学英语》综合教程（第三版第一册）B1U5_Self-market_B1U5 Grammar and Vocabulary.doc_大学文库

2 e.g. The army is under the king’s command. 军队由国王直接统率。 [用法 3]at command 掌握，可自由使用（或支配） [用法 4]get command of 控制 [用法 5]take command of 开始担任… [同义词链接]bid , charge , direct , order , instruct [拓展记忆]commander n．指挥官；司令官 cooperate v ．合作，协作，配合(Line 3,Para 2) e.g. If we all cooperate, we’ll soon finish. 如果我们大家合作，很快就能完成。 [用法]Cooperate with 合作，合力；协力；协同 e.g. The British cooperated with the French in building the new craft. 英法两国合作制造这种新式飞机。 [拓展记忆]cooperative adj．有合作意向的，乐意合作的；合作的，协作的 cooperation n．合作；合作性团体 individual adj．个别的；单独的 n. 个体，个人(Line 18,Para 5) [用法 1] individual economy 个体经济 an individual style 独特风格 individual consciousness 自觉 individual drops of rain 雨点 invention n．发明，创造；发明物(Line 1,Para 5) e.g. Necessity is the mother of invention. 需要是发明之母。 His 6,000 inventions included the electric light bulb, the phonograph, and the mimeograph machine. 他的 6 , 000 项发明包括电灯泡、留声机和油印机。 [词汇助记] 源自拉丁词 invenire 的过去分词 inven - tus （发明，发现） [拓展记忆]inventive ad j．善于发明创造的，有创造力的 invent v．发明，发现 response n．回答，答复；反应，响应(Line 26,Para 5) [用法 1]call forth no response in sb.’s breast 在某人心中不起反应 [用法 2]in response to 作为对…的答复，作为对…的响应 e.g. A large part of human activity, particularly in relation to the environment, is in response to conditions or events. 大部分人类活动，特别是与周围环境有关的活动，是对各种情况或事件的反应。 [用法 3]make no response 不回答 e.g. They make a quick response to my inquiry. 他们对我的询问很快做了答复。 [拓展记忆] respond v．回答；反应

强调主语：It was lady gaga that/who had 强调宾语：It was more than I00,000 fans that lady gaga had. 强调时间/地点状语：It was in America that lady gaga had more than 100,000 fans last year. 2)当被强调部分指人时，可用that,也可用who:指物时，只用that; 3)强调状语时，只用that,不用when/where;. e.g.It is at 5 o'clock that the train will arrive. 4)一般疑问句的强调句为“Is(was)it+that.?”;特殊疑问句为：“特殊疑问词+is(was) +that..?”结构。 e.g.Was it ten years ago that his father died? When is it that you will set off? 5)“not.until...”句型的强调结构为“It is not until...that..”应注意把否定词not转移到 until前面。 e.g.I didn't go home until rain stopped. 强调句为：It was not until rain stopped that I went home. 2.As far as we know,no ape has formed social institutions,such as religion or law.(Line 2,Para 6) 译文据我们所知，没有任何猿猴曾建立起任何诸如宗教或法律等社会制度。 Explanation: 本句中，“As far as we know,.”的句型表示“据我们所知，.” e.g.As far as we know,the earth is the only planet with life on it. 就我们所知.地球是唯一的有生命的行星。类似表达：As far as I am concerned,.就我而言， e.g.As far as I am concerned,your paper is fine as it is. 对我来说，你的文章（论文）这样写就可以了。 as far as的用法 1)as far as作从属连词，意为就...来说”、“在...范围内”，引导状语从句，强调程度或范围，从句中动词常用know,see,concern等，相当于so far as.如： e.g.As far as I know,he has been abroad.据我所知，他已经出国了。 As far as I'm concerned,.I'd like to go swimming..就我来说，我想去游泳。 2)as far as作短语介词或连词，后跟名词或从句，意为“像...那样远”、“远到..”、“直到..”，强调至某一指明地点或距离。在否定句中，也可用so far as..如： e.g.You can see as far as the coast.极目远眺，你可以看到海岸。 She didn't go as far as the others(did.她走得不像其他人那样远。 3.Perhaps the most important thing is that the line dividing us from them is not as clear as we used to think.(Line 9,Para.6) 译文也许最重要的一点是，人和动物的分界线并不像我们过去认为的那样清清楚楚。 Explanation: 本句中，that引导名词性从句“the line dividing us from them is not as clear as we used to think”,为表语从句。that不能省略。 e.g.His suggestion is that we should stay calm

4 强调主语：It was lady gaga that/who had … 强调宾语：It was more than 100,000 fans that lady gaga had… 强调时间/地点状语：It was in America that lady gaga had more than 100,000 fans last year. 2) 当被强调部分指人时，可用 that，也可用 who；指物时，只用 that; 3) 强调状语时，只用 that, 不用 when/where; e.g. It is at 5 o’clock that the train will arrive. 4)一般疑问句的强调句为“Is (was) it + that…?”；特殊疑问句为：“特殊疑问词+ is (was) +that…?”结构。 e.g. Was it ten years ago that his father died? When is it that you will set off? 5) “not…until…”句型的强调结构为“It is not until…that…”应注意把否定词 not 转移到 until 前面。 e.g. I didn’t go home until rain stopped. 强调句为：It was not until rain stopped that I went home. 2. As far as we know, no ape has formed social institutions, such as religion or law. (Line 2, Para. 6) 译文据我们所知，没有任何猿猴曾建立起任何诸如宗教或法律等社会制度。 Explanation: 本句中，“As far as we know, …”的句型表示“据我们所知, ···” e.g. As far as we know, the earth is the only planet with life on it. 就我们所知, 地球是唯一的有生命的行星。类似表达：As far as I am concerned, … 就我而言, ··· e.g. As far as I am concerned, your paper is fine as it is. 对我来说, 你的文章(论文)这样写就可以了。 as far as 的用法 1) as far as 作从属连词，意为“就……来说”、“在……范围内”，引导状语从句，强调程度或范围，从句中动词常用 know, see, concern 等，相当于 so far as.如： e.g. As far as I know, he has been abroad. 据我所知，他已经出国了。 As far as I’m concerned, I’d like to go swimming. 就我来说，我想去游泳。 2) as far as 作短语介词或连词，后跟名词或从句，意为“像……那样远”、“远到……”、“直到……”，强调至某一指明地点或距离。在否定句中，也可用 so far as.如： e.g. You can see as far as the coast. 极目远眺，你可以看到海岸。 She didn’t go as far as the others (did). 她走得不像其他人那样远。 3. Perhaps the most important thing is that the line dividing us from them is not as clear as we used to think. (Line 9, Para. 6) 译文也许最重要的一点是，人和动物的分界线并不像我们过去认为的那样清清楚楚。 Explanation: 本句中，that 引导名词性从句“the line dividing us from them is not as clear as we used to think”，为表语从句。that 不能省略。 e.g. His suggestion is that we should stay calm

definition n.定义，释义；清晰度，鲜明度(Line4,Para2) [构词法]后缀-tion,-ation是名词后缀，表示“状态、动作、结果”。 [同义词链接]explanation,interpretation [拓展记忆]define v.下定义：阐述，详细说明 definite adj,明确的：确切的：明白的：一定的：无疑的 [真题例句(CET4)] I'm not sure whether I can gain any profit from the investment,so I can't make a definite promise to help you. 我不能肯定我是否能从这项投资中获利，所以我不能明确承诺帮助你。 elaborate adj.精心制作的，精心策划的v.详尽说明，精心制作(Line7,Para 3) [拓展记忆elaborately ady.精心计划地；详尽地 elaborateness n.精心制作，精心策划；详尽的细节 elaboration n.精心计划，详尽阐述；精巧，细致；详尽的细节 elaborator n.详细说明者 environment n.环境（亿inel0,Para4) [构词法]-ment是名词后缀，表示“行为，过程：状态：产物，结果：手段：场所”：、 refreshment精力恢复treatment待遇，对待：处理，治疗 escapement逃亡的出口，卡子 imitate v.模仿，仿效(Line4,Para3) [拓展记忆imitation n.效仿，鹰品 [词汇辨析]imitate/mimic/mock/ape这四个词都含“模仿”的意思。 imitate指“模仿、效仿、效法”； mimic指“模仿、摹拟、细致地模仿”，开玩笑而模仿”； mock指“通过模仿进行嘲弄或嘲笑”； ape指“效仿某人”或“效仿某人的言行、尤指“行为举止等”。 [真题例句(CET4)] At yesterday's party,Elizabeth's boyfriend amused us by imitating Charlie Chaplin. 在昨天的聚会上，伊丽莎白的男朋友模仿查理·卓别林，逗我们开心。 intelligence n.智力，智薏；情报，情报机构（人员)（亿ine8,Para5) [构词法]-ence名词后缀，表示“动作，情况，动作，状态” [拓展记忆intelligent adj.聪明的，伶俐的，有才智的 [词汇辨析]intelligent/bright/brilliant/smart/intellectual这些形容词都表示具有或显示出思维的快捷性。 intelligent通常指应付新情况和新问题所需的能力和有效地使用推理和推断的能力： bright指学习迅速或轻松：

7 definition n. 定义，释义；清晰度，鲜明度(Line 4, Para 2) [构词法]后缀-tion ，-ation 是名词后缀，表示“状态、动作、结果”。 [同义词链接] explanation, interpretation [拓展记忆] define v．下定义；阐述，详细说明 definite adj．明确的；确切的；明白的；一定的；无疑的 [真题例句(CET4)] I’m not sure whether I can gain any profit from the investment, so I can’t make a definite promise to help you．我不能肯定我是否能从这项投资中获利，所以我不能明确承诺帮助你。 elaborate adj．精心制作的，精心策划的 v．详尽说明，精心制作(Line 7, Para 3) [拓展记忆] elaborately ady．精心计划地；详尽地 elaborateness n．精心制作，精心策划；详尽的细节 elaboration n．精心计划，详尽阐述；精巧，细致；详尽的细节 elaborator n．详细说明者 environment n．环境(Line 10, Para 4) [构词法]-ment 是名词后缀，表示“行为，过程；状态；产物，结果；手段；场所”；、 refreshment 精力恢复 treatment 待遇，对待；处理，治疗 escapement 逃亡的出口，卡子 imitate v．模仿，仿效(Line 4, Para 3) [拓展记忆] imitation n．效仿，鹰品 [词汇辨析]imitate/mimic/mock/ape 这四个词都含“模仿”的意思。 imitate 指“模仿、效仿、效法”; mimic 指“模仿、摹拟、细致地模仿”, 开玩笑而模仿”; mock 指“通过模仿进行嘲弄或嘲笑”; ape 指“效仿某人”或“效仿某人的言行、尤指“行为举止等”。 [真题例句(CET4)] At yesterday’s party, Elizabeth’s boyfriend amused us by imitating Charlie Chaplin．在昨天的聚会上，伊丽莎白的男朋友模仿查理· 卓别林，逗我们开心。 intelligence n．智力，智慧；情报，情报机构（人员）(Line 8, Para 5) [构词法]-ence 名词后缀，表示“动作，情况，动作，状态” [拓展记忆] intelligent adj．聪明的，伶俐的，有才智的 [词汇辨析]intelligent/bright/brilliant/smart/intellectual 这些形容词都表示具有或显示出思维的快捷性。 intelligent 通常指应付新情况和新问题所需的能力和有效地使用推理和推断的能力； bright 指学习迅速或轻松；

8 brilliant 指思维不同寻常地敏捷； smart 指快速的领悟力和随时维护白己利益的能力； intellectual 强调智力的作用，尤其是掌握困难或抽象概念的能力。 e.g. The most intelligent students do additional reading to supplement the material in the textbook. 最聪明的学生增加阅读量来补充课本的内容。 Some children are brighter in one subject than in another．一些孩子在某科目上比另一科目要学得快。 He has a brilliant brain．他有才华横溢的头脑。 The smartest lawyers avoid the appearance of manipulating juries．最聪明的律师避免让人看上去是在控制陪审团。 The scholar’s interest in the intellectual and analytical aspect of music didn’t prevent her from enjoying concerts．这位学者对音乐悟性和分析方面的兴趣并不影响她欣赏音乐会。 interact v．相互作用，相互影响，相互交往(Line 13, Para 6) e.g. All things are interacted and interact on each other. 一切事物都是相互联系又相互作用。 [用法 1] interact on 作用，影响，制约，配合 interact with 与…相处 [构词法]前缀 inter-表示“相互；在…中间，在“… 内” [拓展记忆]interaction n．互相作用；互相影响 primarily adv．主要地，首先(Line 3, Para 5) [拓展记忆]primary adj．最初的，原来的，根本的 prime 第一的，主要的 primitive 原始的了 [近义词链接]mainly Difficult Sentences 难句详解 1. They chase each other, tumble and wrestle, chase their tails and play with objects such as balls and sticks. (Line 3, Para. 1) 译文它们相互追逐、打滚、摔跤、打转，还玩诸如球和木棒之类的物体。 Explanation: 本句子使用了平行结构，由一组动词“chase…tumble and wrestle…chase…play with…” 构成。课文中不少句子都使用了这一结构，比如： Adult animals, for example, need to look for food, to fight, to look for a mate, and to get along with other animals of their kind. (Line 3, Para 4)

They can learn how to control their movements,how to interact with their environments,and how to interact with other animals in their group.(Line 9,Para 4) In other words,the higher the intelligence of the animal,the more elaborate the play will be. (Line 7,Para 5) Parallel Structures平行结构所谓平行结构就指的是内容相似，结构相同，无先后顺序，无因果关系的并列句。从总体上来说，平行结构可以分为以下的几种类型： 1)连词连接两个对等的词和对等的结构并列连词and,but,as well as,or,or else,both…and,neither…nor,either…or,not only…but(also),rather than,asas等以及从属连词than可连接两个对等的词和对等的结构。 A.所连接的谓语形式必须一致 e.g.He went downtown,bought some books and visited his daughter. B.所连接的词或短语形式必须一致 e.g.Your semester grade is based not only on how well you do on each test,but also on how you participate in class. I would much rather go to the countryside than stay here. C.连接的非谓语动词的形式必须一致 e.g.Some find swimming more enjoyable than sitting at home reading. D.所连接的句子结构必须一致 e.g.She is pleased with what you have given and all that you have told him. 2)某些特定的固定结构。 A.有些词后要用平行结构。 prefer sth.to sth.e.g.I prefer rice to noodles. prefer doing sth.to doing sth.e.g.I prefer watching TV to listening to music. prefer to do sth.rather than do sth.e.g.He preferred to die rather than surrender. B.有些结构中要用平行结构。 would had rather sooner do something than do something would /had as soon do something as do something(宁可…也不) e.g.Liu Hulan said she had rather die than give up. I would as soon stay at home as go. 2.The most important reason is probably to learn some of life's serious and important activities. (Line 1.Para.4) 译文最重要的理由很可能是为了学会生活中一些严肃而重要的活动。 Explanation: 不定式短语“to learn some of..”在此句中用作表语。 e.g.My work is to clean the room every day. His dream is to be a doctor. 不定式、动名词与分词作表语的区别不定式和动名词作表语相当于一个名词作表语，含义是回答主语“是什么”；分词作表语相当于形容词作表语，含义是回答主语“怎么样”。试比较： 9

9 They can learn how to control their movements, how to interact with their environments, and how to interact with other animals in their group. (Line 9, Para 4) In other words, the higher the intelligence of the animal, the more elaborate the play will be. (Line 7, Para 5) Parallel Structures 平行结构所谓平行结构就指的是内容相似，结构相同，无先后顺序，无因果关系的并列句。从总体上来说，平行结构可以分为以下的几种类型： 1) 连词连接两个对等的词和对等的结构并列连词 and, but, as well as, or, or else, both … and, neither … nor, either … or, not only … but (also), rather than, as…as 等以及从属连词 than 可连接两个对等的词和对等的结构。 A.所连接的谓语形式必须一致 e.g. He went downtown, bought some books and visited his daughter. B. 所连接的词或短语形式必须一致 e.g. Your semester grade is based not only on how well you do on each test, but also on how you participate in class. I would much rather go to the countryside than stay here. C. 连接的非谓语动词的形式必须一致 e.g. Some find swimming more enjoyable than sitting at home reading. D. 所连接的句子结构必须一致 e.g. She is pleased with what you have given and all that you have told him. 2) 某些特定的固定结构。 A. 有些词后要用平行结构。 prefer sth. to sth. e.g. I prefer rice to noodles. prefer doing sth. to doing sth. e.g. I prefer watching TV to listening to music. prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. e.g. He preferred to die rather than surrender. B. 有些结构中要用平行结构。 would / had rather / sooner do something than do something, would / had as soon do something as do something (宁可……也不……) e.g. Liu Hulan said she had rather die than give up. I would as soon stay at home as go. 2. The most important reason is probably to learn some of life’s serious and important activities. (Line 1, Para. 4) 译文最重要的理由很可能是为了学会生活中一些严肃而重要的活动。 Explanation: 不定式短语“to learn some of…”在此句中用作表语。 e.g. My work is to clean the room every day. His dream is to be a doctor. 不定式、动名词与分词作表语的区别不定式和动名词作表语相当于一个名词作表语，含义是回答主语“是什么”；分词作表语相当于形容词作表语，含义是回答主语“怎么样”。试比较：