试卷代号：2157 国家开放大学（中央广播电视大学）2014年春季学期“开放专科”期末考试 英语阅读(3) 试题 2014年7月 注意事项 一、将你的学号、姓名及分校（工作站）名称填写在答题纸的规定栏 内。考试结束后，把试卷和答题纸放在桌上。试卷和答题纸均不得带 出考场。 二、仔细阅读每题的说明，并按题目要求答题。答案必须写在答题 纸的指定位置上，写在试卷上无效。 三、用蓝、黑圆珠笔或钢笔答题，使用铅笔答题无效。 685
试卷代号 国家开放大学(中央广播电视大学 4年春季学期"开放专科"期末考试 英语阅读 )试题 2014 年7 注意事项 一、将你的学号、姓名及分校(工作站)名称填写在答题纸的规定栏 内。考试结束后，把试卷和答题纸放在桌上。试卷和答题纸均不得带 出考场。 二、仔细阅读每题的说明，并按题目要求答题。答案必须写在答题 纸的指定位置上，写在试卷上无效。 三、用蓝、黑圆珠笔或钢笔答题，使用铅笔答题元效。 685
Part I Read Passage 1 and decide the meaning of the following words with the help of the context.The paragraph in which the word appears is indicated in brackets.Write A,B,or C on your answer sheet.(30 points,3 points each) Passage 1 The Good Life 1 Imagine something unhealthy dangerous,and expensive,and you will notice it is often enjoyable,too.The French call this "the good life"and say that life should be enjoyed generously,not protected carefully.Eating,drinking,smoking,driving fast -for the French,these are life's pleasures.Take them away,and you're left with a poor,colorless existence.Safe and healthy,perhaps.But safe and healthy is not "the good life"in France. 2 Take fat,for example.While much of the world,and the United States in particular, has gone on an "anti-fat"campaign,this is absolutely not the case in France.These days in American supermarkets one can see rows and rows of "lite food"-cookies,snacks,cheese, milk which have been made especially with reduced fat.The Americans say this is healthy. The French say this is stupid!They load up their shopping carts with fois gras("fatty goose liver"),rich cheeses,butter-soaked cakes and pastries.And what are the results? Amazingly,the French suffer less from obesity than the Americans.Heart attacks are about twice as likely to strike Americans,though the French eat three times more cheese,and four times as much butter!Hedonism,that is,believing that pleasure is the purpose of life, seems to bring health,not illness. 3 As for drinking,these days young professional Americans are becoming more cautious about their alcohol intake,saying that it is safer;healthier to drink less wine and more orange juice.Yet the French continue to enjoy their famous wines,with gusto.In fact, recent research has shown that moderate daily wine intake is good for us.Big U.S.drug companies are working on a pill that will reproduce the healthful chemical properties of wine. But anyone who has enjoyed a good French wine knows that the real benefit of this drink comes not just from a chemical compound,but from the serene pleasure -the enjoyment-of drinking it. 686
Part I Read Passage 1 and 配ide tbe meaning of tbe following words witb tbe belp of tbe context. Tbe paragrapb in wbicb tbe word appears is indicated in brackets. Write A, B, or C on yo町answer sb四:t. (30 points, 3 points eacb) Passagel The Good Life 1 Imagine something unhealthy dangerous, and expensive , and you will notice it is often enjoyable , too. The French call this "the good life" and say that life should be enjoyed generously , not protected carefully. Eating , drinking , smoking , driving fast - for the French , these are life's pleasures. Take them away , and you're left with a poor, colorless existence. Safe and healthy , perhaps. But safe and healthy is not "the good life" in France. 2 Take fat , for example. While much of the world , and the United States in particular, has gone on an "anti-fat" campaign , this is absolutely not the case in France. These days in American supermarkets one can see rows and rows of "lite food" - cookies, snacks, cheese , milk which have been made especially with reduced fat. The Americans say this is healthy. The French say this is stupid! They load up their shopping carts with fois gras ("fatty goose liver rich cheeses, butter-soaked cakes and pastries. And what are the results? Amazingly , the French suffer less from obesity than the Americans. Heart attacks are about twice as likely to strike Americans, though the French eat three times more cheese , and four times as much butter! Hedonism , that is, believing that pleasure is the purpose of life , seems to bring health , not illness. 3 As for drinking , these days young professional Americans are becoming more cautious about their alcohol intake , saying that it is safer; healthier to drink less wine and more orange juice. Yet the French continue to enjoy their famous wines, with gusto. In fact , recent research has shown that moderate daily wine intake is good for us. Big U. S. drug companies are working on a pill that will reproduce the healthful chemical properties of wine. But anyone who has enjoyed a good French wine knows that the real benefit of this drink comes not just from a chemical compound , but from the serene pleasure - the enjoyment 一of drinking it. 686
4 Smoking?The French choose to ignore the warnings that smoking is bad for the health.There is no significant antismoking movement here,no laws restricting smoking in offices,trains or restaurants.You can see them happily puffing between delicious courses of grilled beefsteak,rich cheeses,gallons of red wine.A doctor's nightmare?No,it's the good life! 5 But the place to see the French really live dangerously is the road.No rules,no lanes, just going as fast as possible at all times.Motorcycles drive wherever they want,even the wrong side of the road.Drivers are aggressive.Rush hour is a disorganized mess.But Parisian drivers don't show any anger while driving-no raised voices,no rude gestures, just serene and cool in the middle of the wild chaos.The key to driving in Paris is not caution.tis“sang froid”,literally“cold blood”.The way to have a heart attack is not by eating too much fatty cheese,butter,red meat,drinking too much wine,smoking too many cigarettes.It is by resenting life and getting upset with daily chaos.Going with the flow is the secret of the French"good life"-enjoying every mouthful of food and drink and smoke. Playing,but not playing it safe. Questions 1-10 are based on Passage 1. 1.generously (paragraph 1) A.happily B.willingly C.without limit 2.campaign (paragraph 2) A.planned activities supporting a belief B.camping C.holiday 3.obesity (paragraph 2) A.poverty B.fatness C.traffic jam 4.strike (paragraph 2) A.please B.hit C.change 687
B. willingly 4 Smoking? The French choose to ignore the warnings that smoking is bad for the health. There is no significant antismoking movement here , no laws 四tricting smoking in offices, trains or restaurants. You can see them happily puffing between delicious courses of grilled beefsteak , rich cheeses, gallons of red wine. A doctor' s nightmare? No , it' s the good life! 5 But the place to see the French really live dangerously is the road. No rules, no lanes, just going as fast as possible at all times. Motorcycles drive wherever they want , even the wrong side of the road. Drivers are aggressive. Rush hour is a disorganized mess. But Parisian drivers don't show any anger while driving - no raised voices, no rude gestures, just serene and cool in the middle of the wild chaos. The key to driving in Paris is not caution. It is "sang froid" , literally "cold blood". The way to have a heart attack is not by eating too much fatty cheese , butter, red meat , drinking too much wine , smoking too many cigarettes. It is by resenting life and getting upset with daily chaos. Going with the flow is the secret of the French "good life" - enjoying every mouthful of food and drink and smoke. Playing , but not playing it safe. Questions 1-10 are based on Passage 1. 1. generously (paragraph 1) A. happily c. without limit 2. campaign (paragraph 2) A. planned activities supporting a belief B. camping C. holiday 3. obesity (paragraph 2) A. poverty C. traffic jam 4. strike (paragraph 2) A. please C. change B. fatness B. hit 687
5.cautious (paragraph 3) A.careful B.careless C.happy 6.moderate (paragraph 3) A.a large amount of B.a small amount of C.a neither large nor small amount of 7.reproduce (paragraph 3) A.throw away B.create something similar C.get rid of 8.ignore (paragraph 4) A.disregard B.follow C.remember 9.restricting (paragraph 4) A.encouraging B.allowing C.limiting 10.upset (paragraph 5) A.excited B.tired C.unhappy PartⅡ Read Passage 2 and choose either A,B or C to complete each of the following statements.Write A,B or C on your answer sheet.(30 points,3 points each) Passage 2 Translating Fashion 1 It's seven o'clock in the morning and Natassia Antipova,a beautiful Russian financial consultant,is getting up in the Moscow apartment where she lives alone and asking herself: "What shall I wear today?"A decade ago her choices were simpler.Then,there was one kind of mascara,one color eye shadow.Now,Natassia's bathroom shelves are stocked with Avon,Estee Lauder,and Nina Ricci.Her closets contain Levis and Armanis,as well as 688
5. cautious (paragraph 3) A. careful B. careless c. happy 6. moderate (paragraph 3) A. a large amount of B. a small amount of C. a neither large nor small amount of (Ndumvm ap4- h)qa trre ‘ r k E T E-- r·0· xtgnudu hhetHWm B. create something similar B. follow 9. restricting (paragraph 4) A. encouraging B. allowing C. limiting 10. upset (paragraph 5) A. excited B. tired C. unhappy Part IT Read Passage 2 and choose either A, B or C to complete each of the following statements. Write A , B or C on your answer sheet. (30 points, 3 points each) Passage 2 Translating Fashion 1 It' s seven o'clock in the morning and Natassia Antipova , a beautiful Russian financial consultant , is getting up in the Moscow apartment where she lives alone and asking herself: "What shall I wear today?" A decade ago her choices were simpler. Then , there was one kind of mascara , one color eye shadow. Now , Natassia's bathroom shelves are stocked with Avon , Estee Lauder, and Nina Ricci. Her closets contain Levis and Armanis, as well as 688
local brand names.Her awareness of what makes a beautiful woman has been vastly expanded.In Tokyo,on the same day,Maki Ko is doing a presentation for her public relations company.Her trim size 8 figure is zipped into an Italian suit.In her English pocket-book Elizabeth Arden cosmetics share space with products from Shisiedo,the Tokyo-based beauty company.Last year Maki had Japan's most popular cosmetic surgery procedure,a rhinoplasty to make her button nose look more Western.The list goes on:The globalization of fashion is one of the phenomena of our time,a vast market for those companies who somehow have a look that translates worldwide. 2 There's nothing new,of course,about the process of fashionable imitation.In Roman Britain prosperous natives wore togas.This fashion remained popular for some time. "Likewise,after the Norman invasion of Britain in 1066,French styles became chic.This kind of fashion trend has been happening for centuries.But what is new is the sheer size and depth of penetration of this global fashion. 3 Consider Levi jeans,a company with a brand imprint carried by 2,800 retail companies in 45 countries.Worldwide sales for 1996 were US $7.1 billion.Or Estee Lauder,which since it went international in 1960,has penetrated 100 markets and racked up sales of $3.4 billion in 1997.Or take China,whose women were forbidden as recently as 10 years ago to powder their noses-in recent years,the fashion and cosmetics market has expanded by 20 to 30 percent annually.But is this all a plot by greedy designers, manufacturers and fashion editors to clone the world into one image?Alison Lurie,author of The Language of Clothes,thinks not.She says people and cultures themselves decide on what is fashion these days. 4 Of far more importance to fashion trends,according to Marc Bourgery,an advertising consultant,is the question of how a country entertains itself.He gives the example of Japan,a country that has a love affair with golf and,more recently,with American situation comedies."Japanese people now want to be defined as witty,successful and affluent,and so that style has become cool and sought after. 5 Bourgery,who travels the world in order to advise clients on which images sell best in which countries,thinks that global fashion is not about the West dictating to the East. 689
local brand names. Her awareness of what makes a beautiful woman has been vastly expanded. In Tokyo , on the same day , Maki Ko is doing a presentation for her public relations company. Her trim size 8 figure is zipped into an Italian suit. In her English pocket-book Elizabeth Arden cosmetics share space with products from Shisiedo , the Tokyo-based beauty company. Last year Maki had Japan' s most popular cosmetic surgery procedure , a rhinoplasty to make her button nose look more Western. The list goes on: The globalization of fashion is one of the phenomena of our time , a vast market for those companies who somehow have a look that translates worldwide. 2 There' s nothing new , of course , about the process of fashionable imitation. In Roman Britain prosperous natives wore togas. This fashion remained popular for some time. "Likewise , after the Norman invasion of Britain in 1066 , French styles became chic. This kind of fashion trend has been happening for centuries. But what is new is the sheer size and depth of penetration of this global fashion. 3 Consider Levi jeans, a company with a brand imprint carried by 2 , 800 retail companies in 45 cοuntries. Worldwide sales for 1996 were US $ 7. 1 billion. Or Estee Lauder , which since it went international in 1960 , has penetrated 100 markets and racked up sales of $ 3. 4 billion in 1997. Or take China , whose women were forbidden as recently as 10 years ago to powder their noses 一in recent years, the fashion and cosmetics market has expanded by 20 to 30 percent annually. But is this all a plot by greedy designers, manufacturers and fashion editors to clone the world into one image? Alison Lurie , author of The Language of Clothes, thinks not. She says people and cultures themselves decide on what is fashion these days. 4 Of far more importance to fashion trends, according to Marc Bourgery ,an advertising consultant , is the question of how a country entertains itself. He gives the example of Japan , a country that has a love affair with golf and , more recently , with American situation comedies. "Japanese people now want to be defined as witty , successful and affluent , and so that style has become cool and sought after. " 5 Bourgery , who travels the world in order to advise clients on which images sell best in which countries, thinks that global fashion is not about the West dictating to the East. 689
Rather,it is about a new feeling of internationalism."Armani,for example,does not set out to look authentically Italian,anymore than Chanel wants to look specifically French," observes Bourgery."Instead,their footprint is a look which says I'm elegant, sophisticated,successful,'and that translates worldwide." 6 What it all adds up to is a world of consumer decision-making,a mix-and-match world where consumers often take what is best from their own country and combine it.Worldwide surveys of beauty practices confirm this point.Russian women confide that not all of them are crazy about the new cosmetic imports-environmentally conscious teens twenty-some-things,"are mad for the newest line of Russian skin care,Green Mama,made exclusively from herbs and fruits found in the Altai region of Sineria."Beauty-conscious Syrians also claim that their traditional oils and scents are for them a treasure trove of beauty secrets.In their Damascus bathrooms,alongside the modern cosmetics,are pewter bowls which to mix Henna and bay leaf,honey and olive oil soaps or vials of perfumed oils. 7 The cruel truth about what is fashionable is that it can't be clearly defined.Today's concept of fashion draws from a far wider ethnic and national pool than ever before,and it's growing day by day. Questions 11-20 are based on Passage 2. 11.Russian women have fashion choices compared to a decade ago. A.the same B.more C.fewer 12.Rhinoplastry is popular among women. A.Japanese B.European C.African 13.After the Norman invasion of Britain, styles became popular. A.Japanese B.French C.British 690
B. more fashion choices compared to a decade ago. Rather, it is about a new feeling of internationalism. "Armani, for example , does not set out to look authentically Italian , anymore than Chanel wants to look specifically French ," observes Bourgery. "Instead , their footprint is a look which says ‘I' m elegant, sophisticated , successful , ' and that translates worldwide. " 6 What it all adds up to is a world of consumer decision-making , a mix-and-match world where consumers often take what is best from their own country and combine it. Worldwide surveys of beauty practices confirm this point. Russian women confide that not all of them are crazy about the new cosmetic imports-environmentally conscious teens twenty-some-things, "are mad for the newest line of Russian skin care , Green Mama , made exclusively from herbs and fruits found in the Altai region of Sineria." Beauty-conscious Syrians also claim that their traditional oils and scents are for them a treasure trove of beauty secrets. In their Damascus bathrooms. alongside the modern cosmetics. are pewter bowls which to mix Henna and bay leaf. honey and olive oil soaps or vials of perfumed oils. 7 The cruel truth about what is fashionable is that it can' t be clearly defined. Today's concept of fashion draws from a far wider ethnic and national pool than ever before , and it's growing day by day. Questions 11-20 are based on Passage 2. 11. Russian women have A. the same C. fewer 12. Rhinoplastry is popular among women. A. Japanese B. European C. African 13. After the Norman invasion of Britain. ._ styles became popular. A. Japanese B. French C. British 690
14.The difference in fashion today is the A.trend it creates B.choice of styles C.size and penetration 15.Levi jeans does business in countries. A.100 B.2,800 C.45 16.Alison Lurie says are making decisions on fashion these days. A.designers and companies B.people and cultures C.editors and manufacturers 17.Marc Bourgery thinks dictates what global fashion is. A.the East B.the West C.internationalism 18.Armani is most probably a (n) brand(商标)name. A.Italian B.French C.Japanese 19.Today the makes fashion choices. A.consumer B.designer C.international market 20.Fashion is today. A.specific B.diverse C.expensive PartⅢ Read Passage 3 and decide whether the following statements are true or false.Write T for true and F for false on your answer sheet.(20 points,2 points each) Passage 3 Advertising 1 In a competitive economy,the consumer usually has the choice of several different brands of the same product.Yet underneath their labels,the products are often nearly 691
14. The difference in fashion today is the A. trend it creates C. size and penetration 15. Levi jeans does business in A. 100 C. 45 B. choice of styles countnes. B. 2,800 16. Alison Lurie says are making decisions on fashion these days. A. designers and companies B. people and cultures C. editors and manufacturers 17. Marc Bourger y thinks A. the East C. internationalism 18. Armani is most probably a (n) A. Italian C. Japanese dictates what global fashion is. B. the West brand( 标)name. B. French 19. Today the A. consumer makes fashion choices. B. designer C. international market 20. Fashion is A. specific C. expensive Part ill today. B. diverse Read Passage 3 and decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false on your answer sh (20 points. 2 points each) 3 Advertising 1 In a competitive economy , the consumer usually has the choice of several different brands of the same product. Yet underneath their labels, the products are often nearly 691
identical.One manufacturer's toothpaste tends to differ very little from another manufacturer's.Thus,manufacturers are confronted with a problem-how to keep sales high enough to stay in business.Manufacturers solve this problem by advertising.They try to appeal to consumers in various ways.In fact,advertisements may be classified into three types according to the kind of appeals they use. 2 One type of advertisement tries to appeal to the consumer's reasoning mind.It may offer a claim that seems scientific.For example,it may say the dentists recommend Flash toothpaste.In selling a product,the truth of the advertising may be less important than the appearance of truth. 3 Another type of advertisement tries to amuse the potential buyer.Products that are essential boring,such as insecticide,are often advertised in an amusing way.One way of doing this is to make the products appear alive.For example,the advertisers believe that consumers are likely to remember and buy products that the consumers associate with fun. 4 Associating the product with something pleasant is the technique of the third type of appeal.In this class are ads that suggest that the product will satisfy some basic human desire.One such desire is the wish to be admired by other people.Many automobile advertisements are in this category.They imply that other people will admire you-may even be jealous-when they see you driving the hot,new Aardvark car.Another powerful desire to which advertisers appeal is the desire for love.This ads for bandages are unlikely to emphasize the way the bandages are made or their low cost;instead the ads may show a mother tenderly binding up and then kissing her small boy's cut finger.In the picture there is an open package of Ouch Bandages.The advertiser hopes the consumer will mentally insert an equal sign to create the equation "Ouch Bandages=love. 5 One only needs to look through a magazine or watch an hour of TV in order to see examples of these three different advertising strategies. Questions 21-30 are based on Passage 3. 21.Consumer usually has the choice of several different products of the same brand in a competitive economy. 692
identical. One manufacturer' s toothpaste tends to differ very little from another manufacturer's. Thus, manufacturers are confronted with a problem - how to keep sales high enough to stay in business. Manufacturers solve this problem by advertising. They try to appeal to consumers in various ways. In fact , advertisements may be classified into three types according to the kind of appeals they use. 2 One type of advertisement tries to appeal to the consumer's reasoning mind. It may offer a claim that seems scientific. For example , it may say the dentists recommend Flash toothpaste. In selling a product , the truth of the advertising may be less important than the appearance of truth. 3 Another type of advertisement tries to amuse the potential buyer. Products that are essential boring , such as insecticide , are often advertised in an amusing way. One way of doing this is to make the products appear alive. For example , the advertisers believe that consumers are likely to remember and buy products that the consumers associate with fun. 4 Associating the product with something pleasant is the technique of the third type of appeal. In this class are ads that suggest that the product will satisfy some basic human desire. One such desire is the wish to be admired by other people. Many automobile advertisements are in this category. They imply that other people will admire you - may even be jealous - when they see you driving the hot , new Aardvark car. Another powerful desire to which advertisers appeal is the desire for love. This ads for bandages are unlikely to emphasize the way the bandages are made or their low cost; instead the ads may show a mother tenderly binding up and then kissing her small boy's cut finger. In the picture there is an open package of Ouch Bandages. The advertiser hopes the consumer will mentally insert an equal sign to create the equation "Ouch Bandages = love." 5 One only needs to look through a magazine or watch an hour of TV in order to see examples of these three different advertising strategies. Questions 21-30 are based on Passage 3. 21. Consumer usually has the choice of several different products of the same brand in a competitive economy. 692
22.The products are more or less the same although they have different labels. 23.Manufacturers have to advertise their products in order to stay in business. 24.According to the passage,there are mainly four types of advertisements. 25.A scientific approach is used to prove the true value of the product. 26.In selling a product,appearance of truth may be more important than the truth of advertising. 27.Ads associated with fun are likely to attract potential buyers. 28.According to the passage,many automobile ads try to appeal to the consumer's reasoning mind. 29.The picture of a mother tenderly kissing her small boy is to show the usefulness of bandages. 30.People's desires can be more satisfied by the improved advertisements. Part IV Read Passage 4 and answer the following questions.Make your answers as short and clear as possible.(20 points,4 points each) Passage 4 1 Kuwait is a country which is quite small but very rich.It has a population of a little more than a million,and it is situated at the north end of the Arabian Gulf,which is also sometimes called the Persian Gulf.The land area is about 8,000 square miles.Kuwait's climate is one of the hottest in the world.In the summer,the temperature often reaches 124 Fahrenheit during the day.That's about 51.1on the Centigrade scale.Temperatures are naturally cooler during the winter.They range between 50and 60Fahrenheit. 2 Until oil was discovered there in 1938,Kuwait was a little-known country.Today this small desert country has become one of the world's leading oil producers:it has approximately 15 percent of the world's known petroleum reserves. 3 Since the discovery of oil,Kuwait's rulers have turned the country into a prosperous welfare state.It has free primary and secondary education,free health care and social services;and the people do not have to pay any personal income tax for those services.It has 693
22. The products are more or less the same although they have different labels. 23. Manufacturers have to advertise their products in order to stay in business. 24. According to the passage , there are mainly four types of advertisements. 25. A scientific approach is used to prove the true value of the product. 26. In selling a product , appearance of truth may be more important than the truth of advertising. 27. Ads associated with fun are likely to attract potential buyers. 28. According to the passage , many automobile ads try to appeal to the consumer' s reasoning mind. 29. The picture of a mother tenderly kissing her small boy is to show the usefulness of bandages. 30. People's desires can be more satisfied by the improved advertisements. Part N Read Passage 4 and answer the following questions. Make your answers as short and clear as possible. (20 points, 4 points each) Passage 4 1 Kuwait is a country which is quite small but very rich. It has a population of a little more than a million , and it is situated at the north end of the Arabian Gulf, which is also sometimes called the Persian Gulf. The land area is about 8 ,000 square miles. Kuwait' s climate is one of the hottest in the world. In the summer, the temperature often reaches 124 0 Fahrenheit during the day. That' s about 51. 1° on the Centigrade scale. Temperatures are naturally cooler during the winter. They range between 50° and 60° Fahrenheit. 2 Until oil was discovered there in 1938 , Kuwait was a little-known country.Today this small desert country has become one of the world' s leading oil producers: it has approximately 15 percent of the world' s known petroleum reserves. 3 Since the discovery of oil , Kuwait' s rulers have turned the country into a prosperous welfare state. It has free primary and secondary education , free health care and social services; and the people do not have to pay any personal income tax for those services. It has 693
become one of the world's richest nations.Though Kuwait has free primary and secondary education for its people,many of them still do not know how to read and write.The University of Kuwait was opened in 1966,but many of the students still study in colleges and universities abroad,at the state expense. Questions 31-35 are based on Passage 4. 31.What's the population of Kuwait? 32.What's the other name of the Arabian Gulf? 33.What's the equivalent(等同物)ofl24 degrees Fahrenheit on the centigrade scale？ 34.When was oil discovered in Kuwait? 35.Who pay for the Kuwait's students who study in colleges and universities abroad? 694
become one of the world' s richest nations. Though Kuwait has free primary and secondary education for its people , many of them still do not know how to read and write. The University of Kuwait was opened in 1966 , but many of the students still study in colleges and universities abroad , at the state expense. Qu四tions 31-35 are based on Passage 4. 31. What's the population of Kuwait? 32. What's the other name of the Arabian Gulf? 33. What's the equivalent (等同物) of 124 degrees Fahrenheit on the centigrade scale? 34. When was oil discovered in Kuwait? 35. Who pay for the Kuwait' s students who study in colleges and universities abroad? 694
