Figure3-0Onsunny days the oxygenreleasedbyaquatic plants maysometimes be visible as bubbles in the water. This plant(Elodeasp.)isactivelycarryingonphotosynthesis.(BerndWittich/VisualsUnlimited)
Figure 3-0
doubleoutermembranemembraneinnermembrane-granastroma500nmb.a.Figure 3-1Chloroplaststructure.a,Electron micrograph.b.Generalized drawing in which theouterand innermembranehas been cut awayto reveal thegrana
Figure 3-1
(A)ChlorophyllsHCH3CH3CHOH:HHaCHABBHCHaCNNNChlorophyllbMgHBacteriochlorophyllaH3CNNCH3DHEHCH2HCH2COOCH3O=CoCH2CHIlC-CH3(CH2)3HC-CH3(CH2)3HC-CH3(CH2)3Figure 3-2CHCH,CH3Chlorophyll a
Figure 3-2
(B)Carotenoids(C)BilinpigmentsHOCH3H,CCH33NHCHCHH,C--CHCHCH-H3CHCCHNHHCHOOC-CH,-CH,CHH-HOHOOC-CH,-CH2CH/HCNCHH3CHHOCHHHCHCCHNHH,C-HCH,C=CH1ICHOHCCH3H.CPhycoerythrobilinH,CFigure 3-3β-Carotene
Figure 3-3
Table 3-1 Characteristic of light of different wavelengthslightkJ/EinsteinWavelength(nm)297<400ultraviolet289violet400~425blue259425~490222490~560green209yellow560~580197580~640orange172red640~740
111I1IWavelength,a (nm)10910131015105101110-310-110310710-111-Frequency,v (Hz)101210101061021020101810161014108104Ultra-RadioGammaTypeofradiationX-ray violetInfrared Microwave waveray400700VisiblespectrumHigh energy++LowenergyElectromagneticspectrum.Wavelength(a)andfrequency(v)areinverselyrelated.Our eyes are sensitivetoonlya narrowrange of wavelengthsofradiation,thevisibleregion,which extendsfrom about 400 nm (violet)to about700nm (red).Short-wavelength(high-frequency)lighthas ahigh energy content; longwavelength (low-frequency)light has a low energy content.Figure 3-4
Figure 3-4
OnewavelengthFigure 3-4-17Longerwavelength76onmTv andradiowavesRed700 nmMicro-wavesorangeInfrared600nmcolorspectrumVisibleYellowof visibleUVlightGreenX rays500nmBlueGammaraysViolet400 nm380mmElectromagneticspectrumShorterwavelengthWaves ineiectronmagneticThespectrunm.have similar properties buttheelectromagneticspectrummethods ofproduction.Radiodifferent wavelengthsamdwithlongest(andieastenergeticwaves,wavesVarethe20are thekm.Gammarayswaveiengthsasiongasvisiblelightenergetic)wavesshortest(andmostoftheelectromagneticspectrumracrepresentssmaOfromofwaveiengthsrangimgandconsistsmixtureTvisibleThefromapproximately386760nmi.energylightisusedinphotosynthesis
Figure 3-4-1
10080Chlorophyllb60Chlorophyll a4020500700400600Wavelength (nm)Figure 3-5
Figure 3-5
280a-Caroten240(ao2001Xanthophyli160h1208040O400420440460500480520Fig.3-6入/nm
Fig.3-6
E2ndexcited singlet stateHeatElstexcited singlet stateodosioiTripletsHeatwwozostFig. 3-7Eground state
Fig. 3-7