DepartmentofTHEHONGKONGBuildingEnvironmentandEnergy EngineeringPOLYTECHNICUNIVERSITY建築環境及能源工程學系香港理工大Lecture 7: Compartment FireXinyan Huang,PhD,CEngAssistantProfessorDept.ofBuildingEnvironmentandEnergyEngineeringResearchCentreforFireSafetyEngineering,Polyuxy.huang@polyu.edu.hkFireScience1DrXinyanHuang
Fire Science 1 Dr Xinyan Huang Lecture 7: Compartment Fire Xinyan Huang, PhD, CEng Assistant Professor Dept. of Building Environment and Energy Engineering Research Centre for Fire Safety Engineering, PolyU xy.huang@polyu.edu.hk
Compartment(Enclosure)FirePhenomenaCompartment fire: fire is confined within a room or similar enclosure within a building(themostcommontypeofresidencefire)Shepherds BushCourtFire(2016)FacadefireCompartmentfireGrenfell TowerFire (2017)2FireScienceDrXinyan Huang
Fire Science 2 Dr Xinyan Huang Compartment (Enclosure) Fire Phenomena Shepherds Bush Court Fire (2016) Compartment fire: fire is confined within a room or similar enclosure within a building (the most common type of residence fire) Grenfell Tower Fire (2017) Compartment fire Facade fire
Compartment(Enclosure)Fire PhenomenaIsbusfirelikecompartmentDaegusubwayfire(2003)fire orpool fire?Roma bus fire(2018)HKbusfireunderbridge(2019)3FireScienceDrXinyan Huang
Fire Science 3 Dr Xinyan Huang Compartment (Enclosure) Fire Phenomena Daegu subway fire (2003) Roma bus fire (2018) HK bus fire under bridge (2019) Is bus fire like compartment fire or pool fire?
FlashoverandBackdraftFlashoverin1minSlowmotionofbackdraftFireScience4DrXinyanHuang
Fire Science 4 Dr Xinyan Huang Flashover and Backdraft Flashover in 1 min Slow motion of backdraft
CompartmentFirevs.CompartmentationCompartmentfiresinaircraft,ships,ground,andbuildingsaremostFireinopenspacesevereduetoenhancedheattransferandaccumulatetoxicsmoketemperatureCompartmentationisalsothebestwaytocontrolthefireutdoorstime (minutes)Fire inenclosedspacecmperatuPrincipleofbuildingfiresafetydesignSmallroom/floor:compartmentationtoinsolatefireandsmoketime (minutes)indoorLargeopenspace:ventthesmokeout5FireScienceDrXinyanHuang
Fire Science 5 Dr Xinyan Huang Compartment Fire vs. Compartmentation ❖ Compartment fires in aircraft, ships, ground, and buildings are most severe due to enhanced heat transfer and accumulate toxic smoke ❖ Compartmentation is also the best way to control the fire Fire in open space Fire in enclosed space Principle of building fire safety design • Small room/floor: compartmentation to insolate fire and smoke • Large open space: vent the smoke out
CompartmentFireResearchDrThomasworkedatFireResearchStationofBRE,UKHeis oneofthefoundingfathersoffireresearchandtheInternationalAssociationforFireSafetyScience(IAFSS)Theterm'flashoverwasfirstintroducedbyhiminthe1960sDirectoroftheBuildingResearchInstituteJapanKawagoeGoldMedal ishighesthonorinfireresearchDr.Philip H.ThomasKawagoe'scorrelation(1958)forfully-developed(1927-2014)compartment fire:mp = 5. 5ApH,2 kg/minP.THOMAS,SFPEClassicPaperReview.Fire BehaviourInRooms byKunioKawagoePicturewastakenbyDrThomas,Prof.KunioKawagoehttps://doi.org/10.1177/1042391504039408itcaptureswellProf.Kawagoe'scharacter6FireScienceDrXinyan Huang
Fire Science 6 Dr Xinyan Huang Compartment Fire Research Dr. Philip H. Thomas (1927-2014) • Dr Thomas worked at Fire Research Station of BRE, UK • He is one of the founding fathers of fire research and the International Association for Fire Safety Science (IAFSS). • The term 'flashover' was first introduced by him in the 1960s Picture was taken by Dr Thomas; Prof. Kunio Kawagoe it captures well Prof. Kawagoe’s character. ▪ Director of the Building Research Institute Japan ▪ Kawagoe Gold Medal is highest honor in fire research ▪ Kawagoe’s correlation (1958) for fully-developed compartment fire: P. THOMAS, SFPE Classic Paper Review: Fire Behaviour In Rooms by Kunio Kawagoe https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391504039408 𝒎ሶ 𝑭 = 𝟓. 𝟓𝑨𝑫𝑯𝑫 𝟏 𝟐 kg/min
EarlyCompartmentFireResearchhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2al2wx9N4EFireScienceDrXinyan Huang
Fire Science 7 Dr Xinyan Huang Early Compartment Fire Research https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z2gI2Wx9N4E
Outline1.CompartmentFire Stages2.Flashover andBackdraft3.Smoke Motion andAnalytic Model4.ModelingforCompartmentFire8FireScienceDrXinyanHuang
Fire Science 8 Dr Xinyan Huang Outline 1. Compartment Fire Stages 2. Flashover and Backdraft 3. Smoke Motion and Analytic Model 4. Modeling for Compartment Fire
Compartment(Enclosure)FireNSTNational Institute of Standardsand TechnologyTechnologyAdministrationU.S.DepartmentofCommerceInitiatedbyaflameInitiatedbyasmoulderingcigarettehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fsaLCdC3iWwhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5GMhfLamERc&t=43s9FireScienceDrXinyan Huang
Fire Science 9 Dr Xinyan Huang Compartment (Enclosure) Fire https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fsaLCdC3iWw Initiated by a flame https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5GMhfLamERc&t=43s Initiated by a smouldering cigarette
CompartmentFire:FourStagesPre-flashoverPost-flashoverFireTemperatureorStage1Stage2Stage3Stage4HeatreleaseGrowthIgnitionFully developedDecayrate (HRR)Heating,CoolingWell-ventilatedVentilation-controlledfirefirepyrolysis,SmoulderingIgnitionFlashoverBurnoutTime(flaming)-Pre-flashover(safetyofhuman):controlorsuppressfire,evacuationPost-flashover (safety of structures):cooling,preventstructure-to-structurefire spread (e.g.fagadefire),structural stability (e.g.collapse)10FireScienceDrXinyan Huang
Fire Science 10 Dr Xinyan Huang Compartment Fire: Four Stages ▪ Pre-flashover (safety of human): control or suppress fire, evacuation ▪ Post-flashover (safety of structures): cooling, prevent structure-to-structure fire spread (e.g. façade fire), structural stability (e.g. collapse) Fire Temperature or Heat release rate (HRR) Ignition (flaming) Flashover Burnout Time Stage 1 Ignition Heating, pyrolysis, Smouldering Stage 2 Growth Well-ventilated fire Stage 3 Fully developed Ventilation-controlled fire Stage 4 Decay Cooling