Chapter Three Lexicon Morphology I Lexicon 1. The ellings orlexicoh a In its most general sense, lexicon is synonymous with vocabulary, denoting the system formed by the total sum of all the words and word equivalents that a given language possesses. a In its technical sense lexicon is is synonymous with lexicology, which is a branch of linguistics dealing with the vocabulary of a language and the properties of words as the main units of language in other words, it deals with the analysis and creation of words idioms and collocations
Chapter Three Lexicon & Morphology I Lexicon 1.The meanings of lexicon In its most general sense, lexicon is synonymous with vocabulary, denoting the system formed by the total sum of all the words and word equivalents that a given language possesses. In its technical sense, lexicon is synonymous with lexicology, which is a branch of linguistics dealing with the vocabulary of a language and the properties of words as the main units of language; in other words, it deals with the analysis and creation of words, idioms and collocations
Chapter Three Lexicon morphology 2. Word 2. 1 Defining "word(76-78) d A word is a unit of expression which has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written fonn Three main senses of f are usually distinguished (though terminology varies a physically definable unit: a word is a series of sound segments or letters between two pauses or blank,(形体可定义的单元)
Chapter Three Lexicon & Morphology 2. Word 2.1 Defining “word” (76-78) A word is a unit of expression which has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written fonn. Three main senses of “word” are usually distinguished (though terminology varies): A physically definable unit: a word is a series of sound segments or letters between two pauses or blanks. (形体可定义的单元)
Chapter Three Lexicon morphology (2)The common factor underlying a set of forms: a word is th he common factor underlying the set of forms which are plainly variants of the same unit. such as walk. walks walking, walked. The underlying unit is often referred to as a lexeme, which is a unit of vocabulary, an item listed in a dictionary (a lexical item.(隐含于一组词形中的共同因素)
(2) The common factor underlying a set of forms: a word is the common factor underlying the set of forms which are plainly variants of the same unit, such as walk, walks, walking, walked. The underlying unit is often referred to as a lexeme, which is a unit of vocabulary, an item listed in a dictionary (a lexical item).（隐含于一组词形中的共同因素) Chapter Three Lexicon & Morphology
Chapter Three Lexicon Morphology 3 )A grammatical unit (78): word is a comparably abstract unit to be set up to show how words work in the grammar of a language. In terms of lexicogrammar, word is a level between morpheme and word group in the hierarchy of grammatical units, which rises from morpheme at the bottom up to the sentence at the top In this sense, a word is a grammatical unit, of the same theoretical kind as morpheme and sentence.(一个语法单位)
Chapter Three Lexicon & Morphology (3) A grammatical unit (78): word is a comparably abstract unit to be set up to show how words work in the grammar of a language. In terms of lexicogrammar, word is a level between morpheme and word group in the hierarchy of grammatical units, which rises from morpheme at the bottom up to the sentence at the top. In this sense, a word is a grammatical unit, of the same theoretical kind as morpheme and sentence.(一个语法单位)
Chapter Three Lexicon Morphology 2.2 The identification of words(78-79) a Besides the three senses of word" mentioned above there are other factors which help us to identify words. (1) Stability(稳定性): words are the most stable of all linguistic units, in respect of their internal structure 2) Relative uninterruptibility(相对的不可隔断性) new elements are not to be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in the word. (i. e. outlaws, touch- me-not) (3 )Aminimum free form: a word is the smallest unit which can constitute, by itself, a complete utterance
Chapter Three Lexicon & Morphology 2.2 The identification of words (78-79) Besides the three senses of “word” mentioned above, there are other factors which help us to identify words. (1) Stability(稳定性): words are the most stable of all linguistic units, in respect of their internal structure. (2) Relative uninterruptibility(相对的不可隔断性): new elements are not to be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in the word. (i.e. outlaws, touchme-not) (3) A minimum free form: a word is the smallest unit which can constitute, by itself, a complete utterance
Chapter Three Lexicon Morphology 3. The classification of words(P80 3.1 According to their variability: variable and invariable words(可变化词和不变词)Ⅴ ariable words are those words which can take inflective endings; invariable words are those that cannot 3.2 According to the eir grammatical and semantic properties: grammatical and lexical words(ait 词和词汇词) 词汇词也即实词,又译作 notional/content word;语法词也即虚词,又称 function/rorm word功能词/式词
Chapter Three Lexicon & Morphology 3 . The classification of words (P80) 3.1 According to their variability: variable and invariable words（可变化词和不变词）Variable words are those words which can take inflective endings; invariable words are those that cannot. 3.2 According to their grammatical and semantic properties: grammatical and lexical words(语法 词和词汇词) 词汇词也即实词 ， 又译作 notional/content word ; 语法词也即虚词，又称 function/form word 功能词/形式词
Chapter Three Lexicon Morphology 3.3 According to their membership: closed-class and open- class words(封闭类词和开放类词) An close class is one whose membership is in principle fixed or limited.(封闭类:连介代 冠) An open class is one whose membership is in principle indefinite or unlimited. (开放类:名 动形副数叹
Chapter Three Lexicon & Morphology 3.3 According to their membership:c1osed- class and open-class words (封闭类词和开放类词) An close class is one whose membership is in principle fixed or limited. （封闭类：连介代 冠） An open class is one whose membership is in principle indefinite or unlimited. (开放类：名 动形副数叹)
Chapter Three Lexicon Morphology 3.4 According to their similarities in terms of Inflections and aistribution or by analyzing the various grammatical, semantic and phonological properties nine or ten word classes(close to the notion of parts of speech in traditional grammar)(P81) 名动形副数叹,连介代冠 a Some newly introduced categories which are more precisely defined (p82-83: particles (小品词) auxiliaries(助动词) pro- forms(代词飛式) determiners(限定词)
Chapter Three Lexicon & Morphology 3.4 According to their similarities in terms of inflections and distribution or by analyzing the various grammatical, semantic and phonological properties: nine or ten word classes (close to the notion of parts of speech in traditional grammar) (P81) 名动形副数叹，连介代冠 Some newly introduced categories which are more precisely defined (P82-83): particles (小品词) auxiliaries (助动词) pro-forms (代词形式) determiners (限定词)
Chapter Three Lexicon Morphology 4 Lexeme(词位) a In order to reduce the ambiguity of the term word, the term lexeme is used by some linguists to refer to the minimal distinctive unit in the semantic system of a language. The lexeme is thus postulated as the abstract unit underlying such sets of grammatical variants as walk, walks, walking, walked, or big, bigger, biggest. Idiomatic phrases, by this definition, are also considered lexemes (eg. kick the bucket(=“lie”), a Lexemes are the units which are conventionally listed in dictionaries as separate entries
Chapter Three Lexicon & Morphology *4 Lexeme(词位) In order to reduce the ambiguity of the term word, the term lexeme is used by some linguists to refer to the minimal distinctive unit in the semantic system of a language. The lexeme is thus postulated as the abstract unit underlying such sets of grammatical variants as walk, walks, walking, walked, or big, bigger, biggest. Idiomatic phrases, by this definition, are also considered lexemes (e.g. kick the bucket (= “die”)). Lexemes are the units which are conventionally listed in dictionaries as separate entries
Chapter Three Lexicon morphology 5 Lexical change(P96-1 10) 5.1 The creation of new words or expressions (P96-102) 5.2 Phonological change(P103-05) 5.3 Morpho-syntactical change(P105-06) 5.4 Semantic change(P107-10) 5.5 Orthographic change(P110
Chapter Three Lexicon & Morphology 5 Lexical change (P96-1 10) 5.1 The creation of new words or expressions(P96-102) 5.2 Phonological change (P103-05) 5.3 Morpho-syntactical change (P105-06) 5.4 Semantic change (P107-10) 5.5 Orthographic change (P110)