教案 课程名称 英国文学 授课专业和班级 英语本科 授课内容 Oscar Wilde 授课学时 To let the students see the significance of literature; 教学目的 To let the students have the general impression of British To let the students get basic knowledge of British literature To get to know the general clue of British literary history 教学重点与To get to know the important British writers and literary works 难点 To get toknow some key terms Toknowsome methods for literary 教学方法 Open questions and answers in class Class discussion and analysis 辅助手段 Projector,audio-video machine Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde(16 October 1854-30 November 1900)was an Irish writer and poet.After writing in different forms throughout the 1880s,he became one of London's 101 most popular playwrights in the early 1890s.Today he is remembered for his epigrams,playsand the circumstances ofhis imprisonment,followed by his early death. Wilde's parents were successful Dublin intellectuals.Their son became fluent in French and Germanearly in life.At university Wilde read Greats;he proved himselfto be an outstanding classicist,first at Dublin,then at Oxford.He became known for
教 案 课程名称 英国文学 授课专业和班级 英语本科 授课内容 Oscar Wilde 授课学时 2 教学目的 To let the students see the significance of literature; To let the students have the general impression of British literature. To let the students get basic knowledge of British literature 教学重点与 难点 To get to know the general clue of British literary history To get to know the important British writers and literary works To get to know some key terms To know some methods for literary appreciation and criticism 教学方法 Open questions and answers in class Class discussion and analysis 辅助手段 Projector, audio-video machine Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde (16 October 1854 – 30 November 1900) was an Irish writer and poet. After writing in different forms throughout the 1880s, he became one of London's most popular playwrights in the early 1890s. Today he is remembered for his epigrams, plays and the circumstances of his imprisonment, followed by his early death. Wilde's parents were successful Dublin intellectuals. Their son became fluent in French and German early in life. At university Wilde read Greats; he proved himself to be an outstanding classicist, first at Dublin, then at Oxford. He became known for 10’
his involvement in therisingphilosophy ofaestheticism,led by two ofhis tutors,Walter Pater and John Ruskin.After university, Wilde moved to London into fashionable cultural and social circles.As a spokesman for aestheticism,hetried his hand at various literary activities:he published a book ofpoems,lectured in the United States of America and Canadaon the new "English Renaissance in Art",and then returned to London where he worked prolifically as a journalist.Known for his biting wit, flamboyant dress,and glittering conversation,Wilde had become one ofthe most well-known personalities ofhis day. I.Life Oscar Wilde was born at 21 Westland Row,Dublin (now home of the Oscar Wilde Centre,Trinity College,Dublin)the second of three children born to Sir William Wilde and Jane Francesca 10 Wilde,two years behind William("Willie").Jane Wilde,under the pseudonym "Speranza"(the Italian word for'Hope'),wrote poetry for the revolutionary Young Irelanders in 1848 and was a life-long Irish nationalist.[2]She read the Young Irelanders' poetry to Oscar and Willie,inculcatinga love of these poets in her sons.[3]Lady Wilde's interest in the neo-classical revival showed in the paintingsand busts ofancient Greece and Rome in her
his involvement in the rising philosophy of aestheticism, led by two of his tutors, Walter Pater and John Ruskin. After university, Wilde moved to London into fashionable cultural and social circles. As a spokesman for aestheticism, he tried his hand at various literary activities: he published a book of poems, lectured in the United States of America and Canada on the new "English Renaissance in Art", and then returned to London where he worked prolifically as a journalist. Known for his biting wit, flamboyant dress, and glittering conversation, Wilde had become one of the most well-known personalities of his day. I. Life Oscar Wilde was born at 21 Westland Row, Dublin (now home of the Oscar Wilde Centre, Trinity College, Dublin) the second of three children born to Sir William Wilde and Jane Francesca Wilde, two years behind William ("Willie"). Jane Wilde, under the pseudonym "Speranza" (the Italian word for 'Hope'), wrote poetry for the revolutionary Young Irelandersin 1848 and was a life-long Irish nationalist.[2] She read the Young Irelanders' poetry to Oscar and Willie, inculcating a love of these poets in her sons.[3]Lady Wilde's interest in the neo-classical revival showed in the paintings and busts of ancient Greece and Rome in her 10’
home.[3]William Wilde was Ireland's leading oto-ophthalmologic(ear and eye)surgeon and was knighted in 1864 for his services as medical adviser and assistant commissioner to the censusesofIreland.[4]He also wrote books about Irish archaeology and peasant folklore.Arenowned philanthropist,his dispensary for the care ofthecity's poor at the rear of Trinity College,Dublin,was the forerunner ofthe Dublin Eye and Ear Hospital,now located at Adelaide Road.[4]Wilde was baptised as an infant in St.Mark's Church,Dublin the local Church ofIreland(Anglican)church.When the church was closed,the records were moved to the nearby St.Ann's Church. Dawson Street.[5] In London,he had been introduced to Constance Lloyd in 1881, daughter ofHorace Lloyd,a wealthy Queen's Counsel.She happened to be visiting Dublin in 1884,when Wilde was 10 lecturingat the Gaiety Theatre.He proposed to her,and they married on the29 May 1884 at the Anglican St.James Church in Paddington in London.[50]Constance's annual allowance of f250 was generous for a young woman(it would be equivalent to about 19,300 in current value),but the Wildes'tastes wererelatively luxurious and,after preachingto others for so long,their home
home.[3]William Wilde was Ireland's leading oto-ophthalmologic (ear and eye) surgeon and was knighted in 1864 for his services as medical adviser and assistant commissioner to the censuses of Ireland.[4]He also wrote books about Irish archaeology and peasant folklore. A renowned philanthropist, his dispensary for the care of the city's poor at the rear of Trinity College, Dublin, was the forerunner of the Dublin Eye and Ear Hospital, now located at Adelaide Road.[4]Wilde was baptised as an infant in St. Mark's Church, Dublin the local Church of Ireland (Anglican) church. When the church was closed, the records were moved to the nearby St. Ann's Church, Dawson Street. [5] In London, he had been introduced to Constance Lloyd in 1881, daughter of Horace Lloyd, a wealthy Queen's Counsel. She happened to be visiting Dublin in 1884, when Wilde was lecturing at the Gaiety Theatre. He proposed to her, and they married on the 29 May 1884 at the Anglican St. James Church in Paddington in London.[50]Constance's annual allowance of £250 was generous for a young woman (it would be equivalent to about £19,300 in current value), but the Wildes' tastes were relatively luxurious and, after preaching to others for so long, their home 10’
was expected to set new standards ofdesign.[51]No.16,Tite Street was duly renovated in seven months at considerable expense.Thecouple had two sons,Cyril(1885)and Vyvyan (1886).Wilde was the sole literary signatory of George Bernard Shaw's petition for a pardon ofthe anarchists arrested(and later executed)after the Haymarket massacre in Chicago in 1886.[52] Robert Ross hadread Wilde's poems before they met,and he was unrestrained by the Victorian prohibition against homosexuality. even to the extent ofestranginghimselffrom his family.A precocious seventeen year old,by Richard Ellmann'saccount,he was".so youngand yet so knowing,was determined to seduce Wilde".[53]Wilde,who had long alluded to Greek love,and- though an adoring father-was put offby the carnality ofhis wife's second pregnancy,succumbed to Ross in Oxford in 1886.[54 II.Prose writing:1886-91 Journalism and editorship:1886-89 Criticism over artistic matters in the Pall Mall Gazette provoked a letter in self-defence,and soon Wilde was a contributor to that 10 and other journals duringthe years 1885-87.He enjoyed
was expected to set new standards of design.[51]No. 16, Tite Street was duly renovated in seven months at considerable expense. The couple had two sons, Cyril(1885) and Vyvyan (1886). Wilde was the sole literary signatory of George Bernard Shaw's petition for a pardon of the anarchists arrested (and later executed) after the Haymarket massacre in Chicago in 1886.[52] Robert Ross had read Wilde's poems before they met, and he was unrestrained by the Victorian prohibition against homosexuality, even to the extent of estranging himself from his family. A precocious seventeen year old, by Richard Ellmann's account, he was ".so young and yet so knowing, was determined to seduce Wilde".[53]Wilde, who had long alluded to Greek love, and – though an adoring father – was put off by the carnality of his wife's second pregnancy, succumbed to Ross in Oxford in 1886.[54] II. Prose writing: 1886–91 Journalism and editorship: 1886–89 Criticism over artistic matters in the Pall Mall Gazette provoked a letter in self-defence, and soon Wilde was a contributor to that and other journals during the years 1885–87. He enjoyed 10’
reviewingand journalism;the form suited his style.He could organise and share his views on art,literature and life,yet in a format less tedious thanlecturing.Buoyedup,his reviews were largely chatty andpositive.[56]Wilde,like his parents before him,also supported the cause ofIrish Nationalism.When Charles Stewart Parnell was falsely accused ofinciting murder Wilde wrotea series of astute columnsdefendinghim in the Daily Chronicle.[52] His flair,havingpreviously only been put into socialising,suited journalism and did not go unnoticed.With his youth nearly over, and a family to support,in mid-1887 Wilde became theeditor of The Lady's World magazine,his name prominently appearingon the cover.[57]He promptly renamed it The Woman's World and raised its tone,adding seriousarticles on parenting,culture,and politics,keeping discussions offashion and arts.Two pieces of fiction were usually included,one to be read to children,the other for the ladies themselves.Wilde worked hard to solicit good contributions from his wide artistic acquaintance,includingthose of Lady Wilde and his wife Constance,while his own"Literary and Other Notes"were themselves popular and amusing.[58]The initial vigour and excitement he broughtto thejob began to fade
reviewing and journalism; the form suited his style. He could organise and share his views on art, literature and life, yet in a format less tedious than lecturing. Buoyed up, his reviews were largely chatty and positive.[56]Wilde, like his parents before him, also supported the cause of Irish Nationalism. When Charles Stewart Parnell was falsely accused of inciting murder Wilde wrote a series of astute columns defending him in the Daily Chronicle.[52] His flair, having previously only been put into socialising, suited journalism and did not go unnoticed. With his youth nearly over, and a family to support, in mid-1887 Wilde became the editor of The Lady's World magazine, his name prominently appearing on the cover.[57] He promptly renamed it The Woman's World and raised its tone, adding serious articles on parenting, culture, and politics, keeping discussions of fashion and arts. Two pieces of fiction were usually included, one to be read to children, the other for the ladies themselves. Wilde worked hard to solicit good contributions from his wide artistic acquaintance, including those of Lady Wilde and his wife Constance, while his own "Literary and Other Notes" were themselves popular and amusing.[58]The initial vigour and excitement he brought to the job began to fade
as administration,commutingand office life became tedious.[59] At the same time as Wilde's interest lagged,the publishers became concerned anew about circulation:sales,at the relatively high price ofone shilling.remained low.[60]Increasingly sending instructions by letter,he began a new period ofcreative work and his own column appeared less regularly.[61][62]In October 1889. Wilde had finally found his voice in prose and,at the end of the second volume,Wilde left The Woman's World.[63]The magazine outlasted him by one volume. Shorter fiction Wilde published The Happy Prince and Other Tales in 1888,and had been regularly writing fairy stories for magazines.In 1891 10 published twomore collections,Lord Arthur Savile's Crime and Other Stories,and in September The House ofPomegranates was dedicated"To Constance Mary Wilde".[64]"The Portrait ofMr W.H.",which Wilde had begun in 1887,was first published in Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine in July 1889.[65]It is a short story,which reports a conversation,in which the theory that Shakespeare's sonnets were writtenout ofthe poet's love ofthe boy actor"Willie Hughes",is advanced,retracted,andthen propoundedagain.Theonly evidence for this is two supposed
as administration, commuting and office life became tedious.[59] At the same time as Wilde's interest lagged, the publishers became concerned anew about circulation: sales, at the relatively high price of one shilling, remained low.[60]Increasingly sending instructions by letter, he began a new period of creative work and his own column appeared less regularly.[61][62]In October 1889, Wilde had finally found his voice in prose and, at the end of the second volume, Wilde left The Woman's World.[63]The magazine outlasted him by one volume. Shorter fiction Wilde published The Happy Prince and Other Tales in 1888, and had been regularly writing fairy stories for magazines. In 1891 published two more collections, Lord Arthur Savile's Crime and Other Stories, and in September The House of Pomegranates was dedicated "To Constance Mary Wilde".[64] "The Portrait of Mr. W. H.", which Wilde had begun in 1887, was first published in Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine in July 1889.[65]It is a short story, which reports a conversation, in which the theory that Shakespeare's sonnets were written out of the poet's love of the boy actor "Willie Hughes", is advanced, retracted, and then propounded again. The only evidence for this is two supposed 10’
puns within the sonnetsthemselves.[66]The anonymous narrator is at first sceptical,then believing,finally flirtatious with the reader:he concludes that"there is really a great deal to be said of the Willie Hughes theory ofShakespeare'ssonnets.[67]By the end fact and fiction havemelded together.[68]"Youmust believe in Willie Hughes,"Wilde told an acquaintance."Ialmost do, myself".[68] Essays and dialogues Wilde,havingtired of journalism,had been busy settingout his aesthetic ideas more fully in a series of longer prose pieces which 10° were published in the major literary-intellectual journals ofthe day.In January 1889,The Decay of Lying:A Dialogueappeared in The Nineteenth Century,and Pen,Pencil and Poison,a satirical biography of Thomas Griffiths Wainewright,in the Fortnightly Review,edited by Wilde's friend Frank Harris.[69]Two of Wilde's four writings on aesthetics are dialogues,though Wilde had evolved professionally from lecturer to writer,he remained with an oral tradition ofsorts.Having alwaysexcelled as a wit and raconteur,he often composed by assembling phrases,bons mots and witticisms into a longer,cohesive work.[70]
puns within the sonnets themselves.[66]The anonymous narrator is at first sceptical, then believing, finally flirtatious with the reader: he concludes that "there is really a great deal to be said of the Willie Hughes theory of Shakespeare's sonnets.[67]By the end fact and fiction have melded together.[68] "You must believe in Willie Hughes," Wilde told an acquaintance. "I almost do, myself".[68] Essays and dialogues Wilde, having tired of journalism, had been busy setting out his aesthetic ideas more fully in a series of longer prose pieces which were published in the major literary-intellectual journals of the day. In January 1889, The Decay of Lying: A Dialogue appeared in The Nineteenth Century, and Pen, Pencil and Poison, a satirical biography of Thomas Griffiths Wainewright, in the Fortnightly Review, edited by Wilde's friend Frank Harris.[69]Two of Wilde's four writings on aesthetics are dialogues, though Wilde had evolved professionally from lecturer to writer, he remained with an oral tradition of sorts. Having always excelled as a wit and raconteur, he often composed by assembling phrases, bons mots and witticisms into a longer, cohesive work.[70] 10’
Wilde was concerned about the effect of moralisingon art,he believed in its redemptive,developmental powers:"Art is individualism.and individualism is a disturbingand disintegrating force.Therelies its immense value.For what it seeks is to disturbmonotony oftype,slavery ofcustom,tyranny of habit,and the reduction ofman to the level of a machine."[71] In his only political text,The Soul ofMan Under Socialism,he argued political conditions should establish this primacy,and concluded that the government most amenable to artists was none at all.Wilde envisions a society where mechanisationhas freed human effort from the burden ofnecessity.effort which can instead beexpended on artistic creation.George Orwell summarised,"In effect,the world will be populated by artists, each strivingafter perfection in the way that seems best to him."[72] Theatrical career:1892-95 The 1891 census records the Wildes'residence at 16 Tite Street,[86]where he lived with his wife Constance and sons. Wilde though,not content with being more well-known thanever 10 in London,returned to Paris in October 1891,thistime as a respected writer.He was received at the salons litteraires
Wilde was concerned about the effect of moralising on art, he believed in its redemptive, developmental powers: "Art is individualism, and individualism is a disturbing and disintegrating force. There lies its immense value. For what it seeks is to disturb monotony of type, slavery of custom, tyranny of habit, and the reduction of man to the level of a machine."[71] In his only political text, The Soul of Man Under Socialism, he argued political conditions should establish this primacy, and concluded that the government most amenable to artists was none at all. Wilde envisions a society where mechanisation has freed human effort from the burden of necessity, effort which can instead be expended on artistic creation. George Orwell summarised, "In effect, the world will be populated by artists, each striving after perfection in the way that seems best to him."[72] Theatrical career: 1892–95 The 1891 census records the Wildes' residence at 16 Tite Street,[86]where he lived with his wife Constance and sons. Wilde though, not content with being more well-known than ever in London, returned to Paris in October 1891, this time as a respected writer. He was received at the salons littéraires, 10’
including the famous mardis of Stephane Mallarme,a renowned symbolist poet ofthe time.[87]Wilde's two plays duringthe 1880s.Vera:or.The Nihilists and The Duchess ofPadua,hadnot met with much success.Hehad continued his interest in the theatre and now,after findinghis voice in prose,his thoughts turned again to the dramatic form as the biblical iconography of Salome filled his head.[88]One evening,after discussing depictions ofSalome throughout history,he returned to his hotel to noticea blank copybooklyingon the desk,and it occurred to him to write down whathe had been saying.He wrotea new play, Salome,rapidly and in French.[89] A tragedy,it tells the story ofSalome,the stepdaughter ofthe tetrarch Herod Antipas,who,to her stepfather's dismay but mother's delight,requests the head ofJokanaan(John the Baptist) on a silver platter as a reward for dancingthe Dance of the Seven Veils.When Wilde returned to Londonjust before Christmas the Paris Echo,anewspaper,referredtohim as"egreat eventofthe season.[90]Rehearsals ofthe play,including Sarah Bernhardt, began but the play was refused a licence by the Lord Chamberlain,since it depicted biblical characters.[91]Salome was publishedjointly in Paris and London in 1893,but was not
including the famous mardis of Stéphane Mallarmé, a renowned symbolist poet of the time.[87]Wilde's two plays during the 1880s, Vera; or, The Nihilists and The Duchess of Padua, had not met with much success. He had continued his interest in the theatre and now, after finding his voice in prose, his thoughts turned again to the dramatic form as the biblical iconography of Salome filled his head.[88] One evening, after discussing depictions of Salome throughout history, he returned to his hotel to notice a blank copybook lying on the desk, and it occurred to him to write down what he had been saying. He wrote a new play, Salomé, rapidly and in French.[89] A tragedy, it tells the story of Salome, the stepdaughter of the tetrarch Herod Antipas, who, to her stepfather's dismay but mother's delight, requests the head of Jokanaan (John the Baptist) on a silver platter as a reward for dancing the Dance of the Seven Veils. When Wilde returned to London just before Christmas the Paris Echo, a newspaper, referred to him as "le great event" of the season.[90]Rehearsals of the play, including Sarah Bernhardt, began but the play was refused a licence by the Lord Chamberlain, since it depicted biblical characters.[91] Salome was published jointly in Paris and London in 1893, but was not
performed until 1896 in Paris,during Wilde's later incarceration.[92] Comedies of society Wilde,who had first set out to irritate Victoriansociety with his dress and talking points,thenoutrage it with Dorian Gray,his novel of vice hidden beneath art,finally founda way to critique 10 society on its own terms.Lady Windermere's Fan was first performed on 20 February 1892 at St James Theatre,packed with the cream of society.On the surface a witty comedy,there is subtle subversionunderneath:"it concludes with collusive concealment rather than collective disclosure".[93]The audience. like Lady Windermere,are forced to soften harshsocial codes in favour ofa more nuanced view.The play was enormously popular,touring the country for months,but largely thrashed by conservative critics.[94]It was followed by A Woman ofNo Importance in 1893,another Victorian comedy:revolving around the spectre ofillegitimate births,mistaken identitiesand late revelations.[95]Wilde was commissioned to write two more playsand An Ideal Husband,written in 1894,[96]followed in January 1895.[97]
performed until 1896 in Paris, during Wilde's later incarceration.[92] Comedies of society Wilde, who had first set out to irritate Victorian society with his dress and talking points, then outrage it with Dorian Gray, his novel of vice hidden beneath art, finally found a way to critique society on its own terms. Lady Windermere's Fan was first performed on 20 February 1892 at St James Theatre, packed with the cream of society. On the surface a witty comedy, there is subtle subversion underneath: "it concludes with collusive concealment rather than collective disclosure".[93]The audience, like Lady Windermere, are forced to soften harsh social codes in favour of a more nuanced view. The play was enormously popular, touring the country for months, but largely thrashed by conservative critics.[94]It was followed by A Woman of No Importance in 1893, another Victorian comedy: revolving around the spectre of illegitimate births, mistaken identities and late revelations.[95]Wilde was commissioned to write two more plays and An Ideal Husband, written in 1894,[96]followed in January 1895.[97] 10’