教案 课程名称 英国文学 授课专业和班级 英语本科 授课内容 Charles Dickens 授课学时 2 To let the students see the significance of literature; 教学目的 To let the students have the general impression of British literature. To let the students get basic knowledge of British literature To get to know the general clue of British literary history 教学重点与 To get to know the important British writers and literary works 难点 To get to know some key terms To know some methods for literary appreciation and criticism 教学方法 sin class 辅助手段 Projector,audio-video machine I.Life DICKENS,CHARLES JOHN HUFFAM (1812-1870), English novelist,was born on the 7th of February 1812 at a house in the Mile End Terrace,Commercial Road,Landport 10: (Portsea)a house which was opened as a Dickens Museum on 22nd July 2904.His father John Dickens(d.1851),a clerk in the navy-pay office on a salary of f80 a year,and stationed for the time being at Portsmouth,had married in 1809 Elizabeth,daughter of Thomas Barrow,and she bore him a family of eight children,Charles being the second.In the winter of 1814 the family moved from Portsea in the snow,as
教 案 课程名称 英国文学 授课专业和班级 英语本科 授课内容 Charles Dickens 授课学时 2 教学目的 To let the students see the significance of literature; To let the students have the general impression of British literature. To let the students get basic knowledge of British literature 教学重点与 难点 To get to know the general clue of British literary history To get to know the important British writers and literary works To get to know some key terms To know some methods for literary appreciation and criticism 教学方法 Open questions and answersin class Class discussion and analysis 辅助手段 Projector, audio-video machine I. Life DICKENS, CHARLES JOHN HUFFAM (1812—1870), English novelist, was born on the 7th of February 1812 at a house in the Mile End Terrace, Commercial Road, Landport (Portsea)—a house which was opened as a Dickens Museum on 22nd July 2904. His father John Dickens (d. 1851), a clerk in the navy-pay office on a salary of £80 a year, and stationed for the time being at Portsmouth, had married in 1809 Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Barrow, and she bore him a family of eight children, Charles being the second. In the winter of 1814 the family moved from Portsea in the snow, as 10’
he remembered,to London,and lodged for a time near the Middlesex hospital.The country of the novelist's childhood, however,was the kingdom of Kent,where the family was established in proximity to the dockyard at Chatham from 1816 to 1821.He looked upon himself in later years as a man of Kent,and his capital abode as that in Ordnance Terrace,or 18 St Mary's Place,Chatham,amid surroundings classified in Mr Pickwick's notes as "appearing"to be soldiers,sailors,Jews. chalk,shrimps,officers and dockyard men.He fell into a family the general tendency of which was to go down in the world,during one of its easier periods (John Dickens was now fifth clerk on f250 a year),and he always regarded himself as belonging by right to a comfortable,genteel,lower middleclass stratum of society.His mother taught him to read;to his father he appeared very early in the light of a young prodigy,and by him Charles was made to sit on a tall chair and warble popular ballads,or even to tell stories and anecdotes for the benefit of fellow-clerks in the office. II.Death On8 June 1870,Dickens suffered another stroke at his home, 10 after a full day's work on Edwin Drood.He never regained
he remembered, to London, and lodged for a time near the Middlesex hospital. The country of the novelist’s childhood, however, was the kingdom of Kent, where the family was established in proximity to the dockyard at Chatham from 1816 to 1821. He looked upon himself in later years as a man of Kent, and his capital abode as that in Ordnance Terrace, or 18 St Mary’s Place, Chatham, amid surroundings classified in Mr Pickwick’s notes as “ appearing “to be soldiers, sailors, Jews, chalk, shrimps, officers and dockyard men. He fell into a family the general tendency of which was to go down in the world, during one of its easier periods (John Dickens was now fifth clerk on £250 a year), and he always regarded himself as belonging by right to a comfortable, genteel, lower middleclass stratum of society. His mother taught him to read; to his father he appeared very early in the light of a young prodigy, and by him Charles was made to sit on a tall chair and warble popular ballads, or even to tell stories and anecdotes for the benefit of fellow-clerks in the office. II. Death On 8 June 1870, Dickens suffered another stroke at his home, after a full day's work on Edwin Drood. He never regained 10’
consciousness,and the next day,on 9 June,five years to the day after the Staplehurstrail crash(9 June 1865),he died at Gad's Hill Place.Contrary to his wish to be buried at Rochester Cathedral"in an inexpensive,unostentatious,and strictly private manner,"he was laid to rest in the Poets'Corner of Westminster Abbey.[40]Aprinted epitaphcirculatedat thetime ofthe funeral reads:"To the Memory ofCharles Dickens (England's most popular author)who died at his residence, Higham,near Rochester,Kent,9 June 1870,aged 58years.He was a sympathiser with the poor,the suffering,and the oppressed;and by his death,one of England's greatest writers is lost to the world."[41]In his obituary published in The Times,Dickens's last words werereported to have been:"Be natural my children.For the writer that is natural has fulfilled all the rules ofart.[42] On Sunday,19 June 1870,five days after Dickens was buried in the Abbey,Dean Arthur Penrhyn Stanley delivered a memorial elegy,lauding "the genial and loving humorist whom we now mourn",for showing by his own example "that even in dealing with the darkest scenes and the most degraded characters,genius could still be clean,and mirth could be
consciousness, and the next day, on 9 June, five years to the day after the Staplehurst rail crash (9 June 1865), he died at Gad's Hill Place. Contrary to his wish to be buried at Rochester Cathedral "in an inexpensive, unostentatious, and strictly private manner," he was laid to rest in the Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey.[40]A printed epitaph circulated at the time of the funeral reads: "To the Memory of Charles Dickens (England's most popular author) who died at his residence, Higham, near Rochester, Kent, 9 June 1870, aged 58 years. He was a sympathiser with the poor, the suffering, and the oppressed; and by his death, one of England's greatest writers is lost to the world."[41]In his obituary published in The Times, Dickens's last words were reported to have been: "Be natural my children. For the writer that is natural has fulfilled all the rules of art.[42] On Sunday, 19 June 1870, five days after Dickens was buried in the Abbey, Dean Arthur Penrhyn Stanley delivered a memorial elegy, lauding "the genial and loving humorist whom we now mourn", for showing by his own example "that even in dealing with the darkest scenes and the most degraded characters, genius could still be clean, and mirth could be
innocent."Pointing to the fresh flowers that adorned the novelist's grave,Stanley assured those present that"the spot would thenceforth be a sacred one with both the New World and theOld,as that ofthe representativeofliterature,notof this island only,but ofall who speak our English tongue."[43] Dickens's will stipulated that no memorial beerected to honour him.The only life-size bronze statue of Dickens,cast in 1891 by Francis Edwin Elwell,is in Clark Park in the Spruce Hill neighbourhood of Philadelphia,Pennsylvania in the United States.The couch on which he died is preserved at the Dickens Birthplace Museum in Portsmouth. III.Literary Style Dickens loved thestyleofthe 18th century picturesque or 10 Gothic romance novels,[citationneeded]although it had already becomea target for parody.[44]One"character" vividly drawn throughout his novels is London itself.From the coaching inns on the outskirts ofthe city to the lower reaches of the Thames,all aspects ofthe capital are described over the course ofhis body ofwork. 'Dickens'Dreamby Robert William Buss,portraying Dickens
innocent." Pointing to the fresh flowers that adorned the novelist's grave, Stanley assured those present that "the spot would thenceforth be a sacred one with both the New World and the Old, as that of the representative of literature, not of this island only, but of all who speak our English tongue."[43] Dickens's will stipulated that no memorial be erected to honour him. The only life-size bronze statue of Dickens, cast in 1891 by Francis Edwin Elwell, is in Clark Park in the Spruce Hill neighbourhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in the United States. The couch on which he died is preserved at the Dickens Birthplace Museum in Portsmouth. III. Literary Style Dickens loved the style of the 18th century picturesque or Gothic romance novels,[citation needed] although it had already become a target for parody.[44]One "character" vividly drawn throughout his novels is London itself. From the coaching inns on the outskirts of the city to the lower reaches of the Thames, all aspects of the capital are described over the course of his body of work. 'Dickens' Dream' by Robert William Buss, portraying Dickens 10’
at his desk at Gads Hill Place surrounded by many ofhis characters His writing style is florid and poetic,with a strong comic touch.His satires of British aristocratic snobbery-he calls one character the"Noble Refrigerator"-are often popular Comparingorphans to stocks and shares.people to tug boats. or dinner-party guests to furniture arejust some of Dickens's acclaimed flights of fancy.Many ofhis characters'names provide the reader with a hint as to theroles played in advancingthe storyline,such as Mr.Murdstone in the novel David Copperfield,which is clearly a combinationof"murder and stony coldness.His literary style is also amixtureof fantasy and realism. IV.Characters Dickensian characters,especially so because oftheir typically whimsical names,are amongst the most memorable in English o. literature.The likes of Ebenezer Scrooge,Tiny Tim,Jacob Marley,Bob Cratchit,Oliver Twist,The Artful Dodger,Fagin, Bill Sikes,Pip,Miss Havisham,Charles Darnay,David Copperfield,Mr.Micawber,Abel Magwitch,Daniel Quilp
at his desk at Gads Hill Place surrounded by many of his characters His writing style is florid and poetic, with a strong comic touch. His satires of British aristocratic snobbery—he calls one character the "Noble Refrigerator"—are often popular. Comparing orphans to stocks and shares, people to tug boats, or dinner-party guests to furniture are just some of Dickens's acclaimed flights of fancy. Many of his characters' names provide the reader with a hint as to the roles played in advancing the storyline, such as Mr. Murdstone in the novel David Copperfield, which is clearly a combination of "murder" and stony coldness. His literary style is also a mixture of fantasy and realism. IV. Characters Dickensian characters, especially so because of their typically whimsical names, are amongst the most memorable in English literature. The likes of Ebenezer Scrooge, Tiny Tim, Jacob Marley, Bob Cratchit, Oliver Twist, The Artful Dodger, Fagin, Bill Sikes, Pip, Miss Havisham, Charles Darnay, David Copperfield, Mr. Micawber, Abel Magwitch, Daniel Quilp, 10’
Samuel Pickwick,WackfordSqueers,Uriah Heep are so well known as to be partand parcel of British culture,and in some cases have passed into ordinary language:a scrooge,for example,is a miser The author worked closely with his illustrators supplying them with a summary ofthe work at the outset and thus ensuring that his characters and settings were exactly how he envisioned them.[45]He would brief the illustrator on plans for each month's instalment so that work could begin before he wrote them.Marcus Stone,illustrator ofOur Mutual Friend,recalled that the author was always"ready to describe downto the minutest details thepersonal characteristics,and.life-history of the creations ofhis fancy."[30]This close working relationship is important to readersofDickens today.The illustrations give us a glimpse ofthe charactersas Dickens described them.Film makers still use the illustrationsas a basis for characterisation,costume,and set design Often these characters were based on people he knew.In a few instances Dickens based the character too closely on the original,as in the case of Harold Skimpole in Bleak House, based on James Henry Leigh Hunt,and Miss Mowcher in
Samuel Pickwick, Wackford Squeers, Uriah Heep are so well known as to be part and parcel of British culture, and in some cases have passed into ordinary language: a scrooge, for example, is a miser. The author worked closely with his illustrators supplying them with a summary of the work at the outset and thus ensuring that his characters and settings were exactly how he envisioned them.[45] He would brief the illustrator on plans for each month's instalment so that work could begin before he wrote them. Marcus Stone, illustrator of Our Mutual Friend, recalled that the author was always "ready to describe down to the minutest details the personal characteristics, and . life-history of the creations of his fancy."[30]This close working relationship is important to readers of Dickens today. The illustrations give us a glimpse of the characters as Dickens described them. Film makers still use the illustrations as a basis for characterisation, costume, and set design. Often these characters were based on people he knew. In a few instances Dickens based the character too closely on the original, as in the case of Harold Skimpole in Bleak House, based on James Henry Leigh Hunt, and Miss Mowcher in
David Copperfield,based on his wife's dwarfchiropodist Indeed,the acquaintances made when readinga Dickens novel are not easily forgotten.The author Virginia Woolfmaintained that"we remodel our psychological geography when we read Dickens"as he produces"characters who exist not in detail,not accurately or exactly,but abundantly in a cluster of wild yet extraordinarily revealingremarks."[46] V.Autobiographicalelements All authors might be said to incorporate autobiographical 10 elements in their fiction,but with Dickens this is very noticeable,even though he took pains to mask what he considered his shameful,lowly past.DavidCopperfield is one of the most clearly autobiographical but the scenes from Bleak House of interminable court cases and legal arguments are drawn from the author's briefcareer as a court reporter Dickens's own father was sent to prison for debt,andthis became a common theme in many of his books,with the detailed depictionoflife in the Marshalseaprison in Little Dorrit resulting from Dickens'sown experiences ofthe institution.Childhood sweethearts in many ofhis books(such as Little Em'ly in David Copperfield)may have been based on
David Copperfield, based on his wife's dwarf chiropodist. Indeed, the acquaintances made when reading a Dickens novel are not easily forgotten. The author Virginia Woolfmaintained that "we remodel our psychological geography when we read Dickens" as he produces "characters who exist not in detail, not accurately or exactly, but abundantly in a cluster of wild yet extraordinarily revealing remarks."[46] V. Autobiographical elements All authors might be said to incorporate autobiographical elements in their fiction, but with Dickens this is very noticeable, even though he took pains to mask what he considered his shameful, lowly past. David Copperfield is one of the most clearly autobiographical but the scenes from Bleak House of interminable court cases and legal arguments are drawn from the author's brief career as a court reporter. Dickens's own father was sent to prison for debt, and this became a common theme in many of his books, with the detailed depiction of life in the Marshalsea prison in Little Dorrit resulting from Dickens's own experiences of the institution. Childhood sweethearts in many of his books (such as Little Em'ly in David Copperfield) may have been based on 10’
Dickens's own childhood infatuation with Lucy Stroughill.[47][48]The character of Fagin is believed to be based upon Ikey Solomon,a 19th century Jewishcriminal of London and later Australia.It is reported that Dickens,during his time as a journalist,interviewed Solomon after a court appearance and that he was the inspiration for the gang leader in Oliver Twist.When the work waspublished in 1838 the unpleasant,to moderneyes,[49]stereotype ofthe Jewish character"Fagin"as fence and corrupter ofchildren perpetuated prejudices ofthe times,thecharacterisation meanwhile aroused no indignation,or even comment at the time of publication.[50]Eliza Davis,whose husbandhad purchased Dickens's home in 1860 when he had put it up for sale,wrote to Dickens in 1963 in protestat his portrayal of Fagin,arguing that he had"encouraged a vile prejudice against the despised Hebrew".While Dickens pointed out that "all the rest ofthe wicked dramatis personae are Christians",and that he had "no feeling towards the jews but a friendly one",he took her complaint seriously.[49]He halted the printing ofOliver Twist,and changed the text for the partsofthe book that had not been set.In his novel,Our Mutual Friend,he created the character ofRiah(meaning"friend"in Hebrew).Riah says in
Dickens's own childhood infatuation with Lucy Stroughill.[47][48]The character of Fagin is believed to be based upon Ikey Solomon, a 19th century Jewish criminal of London and later Australia. It is reported that Dickens, during his time as a journalist, interviewed Solomon after a court appearance and that he was the inspiration for the gang leader in Oliver Twist. When the work was published in 1838 the unpleasant, to modern eyes,[49]stereotype of the Jewish character "Fagin" as fence and corrupter of children perpetuated prejudices of the times, the characterisation meanwhile aroused no indignation, or even comment at the time of publication.[50]Eliza Davis, whose husband had purchased Dickens's home in 1860 when he had put it up for sale, wrote to Dickens in 1963 in protest at his portrayal of Fagin, arguing that he had "encouraged a vile prejudice against the despised Hebrew". While Dickens pointed out that "all the rest of the wicked dramatis personae are Christians", and that he had "no feeling towards the jews but a friendly one", he took her complaint seriously.[49]He halted the printing of Oliver Twist, and changed the text for the parts of the book that had not been set. In his novel, Our Mutual Friend, he created the character of Riah (meaning "friend" in Hebrew). Riah says in
the novel:"Men say,This is a bad Greek,but thereare good Greeks.This is a bad Turk,but there are good Turks.'Not so with the Jews.they take the worst ofus as samples ofthe best."Davis sent Dickens acopy ofthe Hebrew bible in gratitude.[49] Dickens may have drawnon his childhood experiences,but he was also ashamed ofthem and would not reveal that this was where he gathered his realistic accounts ofsqualor.Very few knew the details ofhis early life until six years after his death when John Forster published a biography on which Dickens had collaborated. VI.Episodic writing As noted above,most ofDickens's major novels were first 10 written in monthly or weekly instalments in journals such as Master Humphrey's Clock and Household Words,later reprinted in book form.These instalments made the stories cheap,accessible and the series ofregular cliff-hangers made each new episode widely anticipated.American fans even waited at the docks in New York,shouting out to the crew of an incomingship,"Is little Nell dead?"[51][52][53]Part of
the novel: "Men say, 'This is a bad Greek, but there are good Greeks. This is a bad Turk, but there are good Turks.' Not so with the Jews . they take the worst of us as samples of the best ." Davis sent Dickens a copy of the Hebrew bible in gratitude.[49] Dickens may have drawn on his childhood experiences, but he was also ashamed of them and would not reveal that this was where he gathered his realistic accounts of squalor. Very few knew the details of his early life until six years after his death when John Forster published a biography on which Dickens had collaborated. VI. Episodic writing As noted above, most of Dickens's major novels were first written in monthly or weekly instalments in journals such as Master Humphrey's Clock and Household Words, later reprinted in book form. These instalments made the stories cheap, accessible and the series of regular cliff-hangers made each new episode widely anticipated. American fans even waited at the docks in New York, shouting out to the crew of an incoming ship, "Is little Nell dead?"[51][52][53] Part of 10’
Dickens's great talent was to incorporate this episodic writing style but still end up with a coherent novel at theend.The monthly numbers were illustrated by,amongstothers,"Phiz"(a pseudonym for Hablot Browne).Among his[who?]best-known works are Great Expectations,David Copperfield,Oliver Twist, A Tale of Two Cities,Bleak House,Nicholas Nickleby,The Pickwick Papers,and A Christmas Carol. "Charles Dickens as heappears when reading"Wood engraving from Harper's Weekly,7 December 1867 Dickens's technique of writing in monthly or weekly instalments(dependingon the work)can be understood by analysing his relationship with his illustrators.The several artists who filled this role were privy to the contents and intentions ofDickens's instalments before the general public Thus,by reading these correspondences between author and illustrator,the intentions behind Dickens's work can be better understood.These also reveal how the interests ofthe reader and author do not coincide.A great example of that appears in the monthly novel Oliver Twist.Atone point in this work, Dickens had Oliver become embroiled in a robbery.That
Dickens's great talent was to incorporate this episodic writing style but still end up with a coherent novel at the end. The monthly numbers were illustrated by, amongst others, "Phiz" (a pseudonym for Hablot Browne). Among his[who?] best-known works are Great Expectations, David Copperfield, Oliver Twist, A Tale of Two Cities, Bleak House, Nicholas Nickleby, The Pickwick Papers, and A Christmas Carol. "Charles Dickens as he appears when reading." Wood engraving from Harper's Weekly, 7 December 1867 Dickens's technique of writing in monthly or weekly instalments (depending on the work) can be understood by analysing his relationship with his illustrators. The several artists who filled this role were privy to the contents and intentions of Dickens's instalments before the general public. Thus, by reading these correspondences between author and illustrator, the intentions behind Dickens's work can be better understood. These also reveal how the interests of the reader and author do not coincide. A great example of that appears in the monthly novel Oliver Twist. At one point in this work, Dickens had Oliver become embroiled in a robbery. That