岽徳崇竇 亦韩求新 脑活动细胞分子基础 以基底神经节环路活动为例 ZHANG Jun Department of Physiology
脑活动细胞分子基础 ——以基底神经节环路活动为例 ZHANG Jun Department of Physiology
Outlines >(一)脑活动概述 (二)神经环路活动:实现脑功能活动的保证 (三)神经环路活动的细胞分子基础—神 经元、突触、环路整合 (四)举例:基底神经节环路活动中黑质-纹状 体通路机制的研究进展和前沿
➢（一）脑活动概述 ➢（二）神经环路活动：实现脑功能活动的保证 ➢（三）神经环路活动的细胞分子基础——神 经元、突触、环路整合 ➢（四）举例：基底神经节环路活动中黑质-纹状 体通路机制的研究进展和前沿 Outlines
2014诺贝尔生理学或医学奖 ALFR / NOBEL tion, Photo Lovisa Engblom The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014 was divided, one half awarded to John O'Keefe, the other half jointly to May-Britt Moser and edvard moser "for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain
2014诺贝尔生理学或医学奖 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014 was divided, one half awarded to John O'Keefe, the other half jointly to May-Britt Moser and Edvard I. Moser "for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain
2014诺贝尔生理学或医学奖 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014 缦 John O'Keefe John o'Keefe discovered. in 1971. that certain nerve cells in the brain were activated when a rat assumed a particular place in the environment. Other nerve cells were activated at other places. He proposed that these "place cells"build up an inner map of the environment. Place celis are located in a part of the brain called the hippocampus. Fig. 1 May- Britt M。 ser and Edvard l. Moser 鱼急 Aay- Britt och Edvard l. Moser discovered in 2005 that other nerve cells in a nearby part of the brain, the entorhinal cortex, were activated when the rat passed certain locations. Together, these locations formed a hexagonal grid each"grid cell reacting in a unique spatial pattern. Collectively, these grid cell form a coordinate system that allows for spatial navigation Fig. 2
2014诺贝尔生理学或医学奖
2014诺贝尔生理学或医学奖 Grid cells, together with other cells in the entorhinal cortex that recognize the direction of the head of the animal and the border of the room form networks with the place cells in the hippocampus. This circuitry constitutes a comprehensive Fig 3 positioning system, an inner GPS, in the brain. The positioning system in the human brain appears to have similar components as those of the rat brain
2014诺贝尔生理学或医学奖
概述 人的大脑平均为人体总体重 的2%(12-1.6Kg),约由 1011个神经元和10倍数量的 神经胶质组成。它的代谢活 动旺盛,每一秒约进行着10 万次不同的化学反应,需要 魯●●◆
➢ 人的大脑平均为人体总体重 的2%（1.2~1.6 Kg），约由 1011个神经元和10倍数量的 神经胶质组成 。它的代谢活 动旺盛 ，每一秒约进行着10 万次不同的化学反应 ，需要 使用全身所用氧气的25 % ， 相比之下肾脏只需12 % ， 心 脏只需 7 % 。 概述
概述 I 50uV α波梭形 α波阻断 α波梭形 睁眼 闭眼 1s a波阻断 α波在人清醒、安静并闭眼时出 现,常具有α波的“梭形”波群 变化。当睁开眼睛或受到其他刺 激时,α波立即消失 β波 MWnT8波/ Wwwww
➢脑电图 概述 α波阻断 α波在人清醒、安静并闭眼时出 现，常具有α波的“梭形”波群 变化。当睁开眼睛或受到其他刺 激时,α波立即消失
Brain activity map 峡乏完整了解医学界产 默氏 症 仲症等疾病方法的努力屡屡受挫 政府 有意 属动绘图( Brain Activity Map)计划寒自望 改变。《纽约时报》2月18 媲美人类基因 科学 计划将 0年,以人脑 为人类脑神经活 出 幅 家通常认为 由约1000亿个 对 外界刺激 ,随=年科学家辨别人 涌现, 全世 生了众多大 目,但人脑仍 由 于人脑相当复杂科学 大多 数时伲 目前 的技 行观 测并 铺划为脑活动绘图
Brain activity map 由于对人脑如何工作缺乏完整了解，医学界寻找有效治疗阿尔茨海默氏 症、帕金森氏症、孤独症等疾病方法的努力屡屡受挫。随着美国奥巴马政府 有意出台一项“脑活动绘图（Brain Activity Map）”计划，这种局面有望 改变。据美国《纽约时报》2月18日报道，这一媲美人类基因组计划的科学 计划将历时10年，以人脑为研究对象，目标在于为人类脑神经活动描摹出一 幅“完整地图”。 …….. 科学家通常认为，人类大脑由约1000亿个神经元组成，每一个都会对 外界刺激传达电力冲动。随着允许科学家辨别人脑放电神经元的新技术涌现， 全世界已经产生了众多大脑研究项目，但人脑仍是最大的科学秘密之一。由 于人脑相当复杂，科学家目前仅能对少量神经元活动作出记录，而且在大多 数时候还得使用探针开展有创检测。一些神经科学家和纳米技术专家提出， 目前人类掌握的技术已可以在对人体造成更少伤害的情况下，对大脑进行观 测并获得更为全面的理解
Brain activity map(BaM) Cel Neuron Neuroview The Brain Activity Map project and the challenge of functional connectomics A. Paul Alivisatos, 1 Miyoung Chun, 2 George M. Church, 3 Ralph J. Greenspan, Michael L Roukes, 5 and Rafael Yuste6-* Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 0. USA The Kavli Foundation, Oxnard, CA 93030, USA "Department of Genetics and Wyss Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA <Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Kavli Nanoscience Institute and Departments of Physics, Applied Physics, and Bioengineering, Califomia Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125 USA HHMI artment Biological Sciences, Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University New York, NY 10027, USA Correspondence: rafaelyuste @columbia. edu Do10.1016 neuron2012.06.006 The function of neural circuits is an emergent property that arises from the coordinated activity of large numbers of neurons To capture this, we propose launching a large-scale, international public effort, the Brain Activity Map Project, aimed at reconstructing the full record of neural activity across complete neural circuits This technological challenge could prove to be an invaluable step toward understanding fundamental and pathological brain processes
Brain activity map (BAM)
进展一- Brain activity map(BAM) Sciencexpress Perspectives tors, including cellular, systems, and NEUROSCIENCE computational neuroscientists, to the methods and data needed for develop- The Brain Activity Map ing, testing, and verifying theories of how the brain operates. The BAM project will be timely, A. Paul Alivisatos, * Miyoung Chun, George M Church, Karl Deisseroth, 4 we perceive a critical coalescence of John P. Donoghue, Ralph J. Greenspan, Paul L McEuen, Michael L. technologies from diverse fields. Mod Roukes, Terrence J Sejnowski, Paul S Weiss, Rafael Yuste el organisms could be a comerstone of this project, as a means to extend these Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab and Department of Chemistry, University of technologies to the human brain in a Califomia, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. The Kavli Foundation, Oxnard, CA 93030, USA. Department of minimally invasive fashion. Inverte Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA brates such as the worm, fly, or leech 02115, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute(HHMI) and Departments of Bioengineering and Psychiatry,I are ideal for testing new technologies, Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA and Rehabilitation Research and development where the results can be compared to extensive, growing bodies of data on University of Califomia, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA 'Kavli Institute at Comell for Nanoscale the functions of identified neurons and Science, Department of Physics, Comell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.Kavli Nanoscience Institute smaller-scale circuits. They could also and Departments of Physics, Applied Physics, and Bioengineering, califomia Institute of Technology be used to spearhead new capabilitie Pasadena, CA 91125, USA ' HHMI, Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA for data acquisition and analysis and USA. tCalifomia NanoSystems Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of brates, such as the zebrafish,mouse Materials Science and Engineering, University of Califomia, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. and rat, may permit stepwise scaling up "HHMI, and Department of Biological Sciences, Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University New of new technologies to achieve increas- York. NY 10027. USA. ingly greater depth, temporal resolu Corresponding author. E-mail alvis@berkeley. edu (APA ) terry@salk. edu (T.J. s) tion, chemical sensitivity, and number rafaelyuste@columbia. edu(RY. of recorded neurons. With advances in technology, as yet unexplored systems Researchers propose building technologies to enable comprehensive mapping and could also become accessible. Finally control of neural circuit activity in parallel with the animal work, from the outset, we will seek to develop techniques to perform related meas-
进展——Brain activity map (BAM)