《材料失效分析 Materials Failure Analysis》课程教学资源（参考书籍）METALLIC MATERIALS Physical, Mechanical, and Corrosion Properties

MATERTALS Physical, Mechanical, and Corrosion Properties Philip A schweitzer, P.E

METALLIC MATERIALS Physical, Mechanical, and Corrosion Properties Philip A Schweitzer, P. E. Consultant York, Pennsylvania, U.S.A CEL MARCEL DEKKER, It NEW YORK· BASEL

METALLIC MATERIALS Physical, Mechanical, and Corrosion Properties Philip A. Schweitzer, P. E. Consultant York, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. MARCE L uMARCEL DEKKER, INC. NEW YORK • BASEL

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN:0-8247-0878-4 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Marcel Dekker. Inc 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 tel:212-696-9000,fax:212-685-4540 Eastern Hemisphere Distribution Marcel Dekker ag Hutgasse 4, Postfach 812. CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland te:41-61-260-6300;fax:4l-61-260-6333 World wide Web http://www.dekker.com The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities. For more information, write to Special Sales/Professional Marketing at the headquarters address above Copyright o 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission Current printing (last digit) 10987654321 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN: 0-8247-0878-4 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Headquarters Marcel Dekker, Inc. 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 tel: 212-696-9000; fax: 212-685-4540 Eastern Hemisphere Distribution Marcel Dekker AG Hutgasse 4, Postfach 812, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland tel: 41-61-260-6300; fax: 41-61-260-6333 World Wide Web http://www.dekker.com The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities. For more information, write to Special Sales/Professional Marketing at the headquarters address above. Copyright
2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Current printing (last digit): 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

CORROSION TECHNOLOGY Philip A Schweitzer, P.E. Consultant York, Pennsylvania 1. Corrosion and Corrosion Protection Handbook: Second Edition Revised and Expanded, edited by Philip A Schweitzer 2. Corrosion Resistant Coatings Technology, Ichiro Suzuki 3. Corrosion Resistance of Elastomers, Philip A Schweitzer 4. Corrosion Resistance Tables: Metals, Nonmetals, Coatings, tars, Plastics, Elastomers and Linings, and Fabrics: Third Ed Revised and Expanded (Parts A and B), Philip A Schweitzer 5. Corrosion-Resistant Piping Systems, Philip A Schweitzer 6. Corrosion Resistance of Zinc and Zinc Alloys, Frank C. Porter 7. Corrosion of Ceramics, Ronald A McCauley 8. Corrosion Mechanisms in Theory and Practice, edited by P. Marcus and J. Oudar 9. Corrosion Resistance of stainless Steels, C. P. Dillon 10. Corrosion Resistance Tables: Metals, Nonmetals, Coatings, Mor- tars, Plastics, Elastomers and Linings, and Fabrics: Fourth Edition, Revised and Expanded(Parts A, B, and C), Philip A Schweitzer 11. Corrosion Engineering Handbook, edited by Philip A Schweitzer 12. Atmospheric Degradation and Corrosion Control, Philip A 13. Mechanical and Corrosion-Resistant Properties of Plastics and Elastomers, Philip A Schweitzer 14. Environmental Degradation of Metals, U. K. Chatterjee, S K. Bose and S K. Roy 15. Environmental Effects on Engineered Materials, edited by Russell 16. Corrosion-Resistant Linings and Coatings, Philip A Schweitzer 17. Corrosion Mechanisms in Theory and Practice: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Philippe Marcus 18. Electrochemical Techniques in Corrosion Science and Engineering, Robert G. Kelly, John R. Scully, David W. Shoesmith and Rudolph G. Buchheit 19. Metallic Materials: Physical, Mechanical, and Corrosion Properties, Philip A Schweitzer 当 ADDITIONAL VOLUMES IN PREPARATION MARCEL DEKKER, INC. 270 Madison Avenue. New York. New York 10016

CORROSION TECHNOLOGY Editor Philip A. Schweitzer, P.E. Consultant York, Pennsylvania 1. Corrosion and Corrosion Protection Handbook: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Philip A. Schweitzer 2. Corrosion Resistant Coatings Technology, Ichiro Suzuki 3. Corrosion Resistance of Elastomers, Philip A. Schweitzer 4. Corrosion Resistance Tables: Metals, Nonmetals, Coatings, Mor￾tars, Plastics, Elastomers and Linings, and Fabrics: Third Edition, Revised and Expanded (Parts A and B), Philip A. Schweitzer 5. Corrosion-Resistant Piping Systems, Philip A. Schweitzer 6. Corrosion Resistance of Zinc and Zinc Alloys, Frank C. Porter 7. Corrosion of Ceramics, Ronald A. McCauley 8. Corrosion Mechanisms in Theory and Practice, edited by P. Marcus and J. Oudar 9. Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels, C. P. Dillon 10. Corrosion Resistance Tables: Metals, Nonmetals, Coatings, Mor￾tars, Plastics, Elastomers and Linings, and Fabrics: Fourth Edition, Revised and Expanded (Parts A, B, and C), Philip A. Schweitzer 11. Corrosion Engineering Handbook, edited by Philip A. Schweitzer 12. Atmospheric Degradation and Corrosion Control, Philip A. Schweitzer 13. Mechanical and Corrosion-Resistant Properties of Plastics and Elastomers, Philip A. Schweitzer 14. Environmental Degradation of Metals, U. K. Chatterjee, S. K. Bose, and S. K. Roy 15. Environmental Effects on Engineered Materials, edited by Russell H.Jones 16. Corrosion-Resistant Linings and Coatings, Philip A. Schweitzer 17. Corrosion Mechanisms in Theory and Practice: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Philippe Marcus 18. Electrochemical Techniques in Corrosion Science and Engineering, Robert G. Kelly, John R. Scully, David W. Shoesmith, and Rudolph G. Buchheit 19. Metallic Materials: Physical, Mechanical, and Corrosion Properties, Philip A. Schweitzer ADDITIONAL VOLUMES IN PREPARATION

Preface Selecting the most appropriate material of construction for an application involves the making of numerous important decisions. This is true whether it be for the construction of a bridge, a household appliance, a piece of hemical processing equipment, or the decorative facing of a building. Fac ors such as physical and mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, work ability, and cost must all be taken into consideration. With the introduction of new metallic alloys and advances in the pro- duction of the so-called exotic metals, what was the best choice several years ago may no longer be so. Over the years, improvements have been made to specific properties of various alloys. These improvements include methods to increase mechanical, physical, and corrosion resistance properties. Alter natives in composition have also been formulated to improve the workability In order to conduct a meaningful evaluation of a design all the data needed to select the most appropriate material must be available. It is the purpose of this book to supply as much of this information as possible for ommercially available metallic materials MARCEL DEKKER. INC 270 Madison Avenue. New York. New York 10016

iii Preface Selecting the most appropriate material of construction for an application involves the making of numerous important decisions. This is true whether it be for the construction of a bridge, a household appliance, a piece of chemical processing equipment, or the decorative facing of a building. Fac￾tors such as physical and mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, work￾ability, and cost must all be taken into consideration. With the introduction of new metallic alloys and advances in the pro￾duction of the so-called exotic metals, what was the best choice several years ago may no longer be so. Over the years, improvements have been made to specific properties of various alloys. These improvements include methods to increase mechanical, physical, and corrosion resistance properties. Alter￾natives in composition have also been formulated to improve the workability of many alloys. In order to conduct a meaningful evaluation of a design, all the data needed to select the most appropriate material must be available. It is the purpose of this book to supply as much of this information as possible for commercially available metallic materials

Chapter 1 provides background relating to the physical and mechanical properties description of the various forms of corrosion to which metals may be susceptible Chapters 3 through 14 cover the wrought ferrous metals and alloys providing physical, mechanical, and corrosion-resistance properties Typical applications are also included for each metal or alloy. Similarly, Chapter 15 covers wrought nickel and high nickel alloys. Chapter 16 provides a table of comparative corrosion resistance of wrought stainless steel and high nickel alloys Many applications require castings. The properties of casting will vary somewhat from the properties of the same wrought material. Chapter 17 covers the cast ferrous, nickel, and high nickel alloy hapters 18 through 26 provide information on wrought and cast non- ferrous metals and their alloys, covering the same areas as in the previous It is hoped that this boo designer in the selection of the most appropriate material for a specific dication Philip A. schweitzer MARCEL DEKKER. INC 270 Madison Avenue. New York. New York 10016

iv Preface Chapter 1 provides background relating to the physical and mechanical properties of metals and defines the terminology. Chapter 2 provides a brief description of the various forms of corrosion to which metals may be susceptible. Chapters 3 through 14 cover the wrought ferrous metals and alloys, providing physical, mechanical, and corrosion-resistance properties. Typical applications are also included for each metal or alloy. Similarly, Chapter 15 covers wrought nickel and high nickel alloys. Chapter 16 provides a table of comparative corrosion resistance of wrought stainless steel and high nickel alloys. Many applications require castings. The properties of casting will vary somewhat from the properties of the same wrought material. Chapter 17 covers the cast ferrous, nickel, and high nickel alloys. Chapters 18 through 26 provide information on wrought and cast non￾ferrous metals and their alloys, covering the same areas as in the previous chapters. It is hoped that this book will provide invaluable insight to assist the designer in the selection of the most appropriate material for a specific application. Philip A. Schweitzer

Contents reface 1. Physical and Mechanical Properties 2. Corrosion of Metallic Materials 3. Carbon Steel 4. Low-Alloy Carbon Steels 5. Cast Iron and Cast Steel 6. Introduction to Stainless steels 7. Corrosion of Stainless steels 105 MARCEL DEKKER. INC 270 Madison Avenue. New York. New York 10016

v Contents Preface iii 1. Physical and Mechanical Properties 1 2. Corrosion of Metallic Materials 11 3. Carbon Steel 39 4. Low-Alloy Carbon Steels 53 5. Cast Iron and Cast Steel 69 6. Introduction to Stainless Steels 87 7. Corrosion of Stainless Steels 105

Austenitic stainless steels 121 9. Superaustenitic Stainless Steels 10. Ferritic stainless steels 187 1. Superferritic Stainless Steels 12. Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels 13. Martensitic Stainless steels 235 14. Duplex Stainless Steels 15. Nickel and High Nickel Alloys 16. Comparative Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steel and High Nickel Alloys 325 17. Cast Stainless Steel and Nickel Base Alloys 511 18. Copper and Copper Alloys 537 9. Aluminum and Aluminum alloys 571 20. Zinc and Zinc alloys 603 21. Titanium 2. Zirconium and Zirconium Alloys 647 23. Tantalum and Tantalum Alloys 667 24. Niobium(Columbium) and Niobium Alloys 5. Magnesium Alloys 691 26. Lead and Lead Alloys 695 MARCEL DEKKER. INC 270 Madison Avenue. New York. New York 10016

vi Contents 8. Austenitic Stainless Steels 121 9. Superaustenitic Stainless Steels 159 10. Ferritic Stainless Steels 187 11. Superferritic Stainless Steels 201 12. Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels 209 13. Martensitic Stainless Steels 235 14. Duplex Stainless Steels 255 15. Nickel and High Nickel Alloys 269 16. Comparative Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steel and High Nickel Alloys 325 17. Cast Stainless Steel and Nickel Base Alloys 511 18. Copper and Copper Alloys 537 19. Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys 571 20. Zinc and Zinc Alloys 603 21. Titanium 627 22. Zirconium and Zirconium Alloys 647 23. Tantalum and Tantalum Alloys 667 24. Niobium (Columbium) and Niobium Alloys 683 25. Magnesium Alloys 691 26. Lead and Lead Alloys 695 Index 699

Physical and Mechanical Properties L. INTRODUCTION Metals have been widely used for thousands of years, commencing with the Bronze Age which took place approximately 3000 to 100 years BC. The Iron Age, which we are experiencing today, presumably replaced the Bronze Age Ithough we still use considerable amounts of bronze, our steel use is many times greater The ferrous category refers to base metals of iron, while the nonferrous metals are iron free. Ferrous alloys are used in quantities which exceed all other metals combined t the present time there are available for use in excess of 45,000 different metallic alloys. Although the steels and cast irons make up the largest use on a weight basis, the number of different nonferrous alloys exceed the number of ferrous alloys. The primary nonferrous alloys are those n which the base metal consists of either aluminum, copper, nickel,mag- nesium. titanium. or zinc The engineer or designer is faced with the problem of material selec- tion for his or her project. a decision must be based on information that will permit selection of a material that will possess the necessary physical, mechanical, and corrosion resistance properties in addition to cost consid erations. Cost is not only the raw material cost, but rather the finished man- ufactured cost in conjunction with estimated life of the finished product. The raw material with the lowest cost is not necessarily the most economical choice Part of the selection process necessitates the examination of the phys- MARCEL DEKKER. INC

1 1 Physical and Mechanical Properties I. INTRODUCTION Metals have been widely used for thousands of years, commencing with the Bronze Age which took place approximately 3000 to 100 years BC. The Iron Age, which we are experiencing today, presumably replaced the Bronze Age. Although we still use considerable amounts of bronze, our steel use is many times greater. Traditionally metals have been classified as ferrous and nonferrous. The ferrous category refers to base metals of iron, while the nonferrous metals are iron free. Ferrous alloys are used in quantities which exceed all other metals combined. At the present time there are available for use in excess of 45,000 different metallic alloys. Although the steels and cast irons make up the largest use on a weight basis, the number of different nonferrous alloys exceed the number of ferrous alloys. The primary nonferrous alloys are those in which the base metal consists of either aluminum, copper, nickel, mag￾nesium, titanium, or zinc. The engineer or designer is faced with the problem of material selec￾tion for his or her project. A decision must be based on information that will permit selection of a material that will possess the necessary physical, mechanical, and corrosion resistance properties in addition to cost consid￾erations. Cost is not only the raw material cost, but rather the finished man￾ufactured cost in conjunction with estimated life of the finished product. The raw material with the lowest cost is not necessarily the most economical choice. Part of the selection process necessitates the examination of the phys-

Chapter 1 ical and mechanical properties. Physical behavior deals with electrical, op- tical, magnetic, and thermal properties. Mechanical behavior deals with the reaction of the body to a load or force. Corrosion resistance must also be taken into account. This applies whether the exposure is to the natural at- mosphere, to a more aggressive atmosphere, or to physical contact with a corrodent. The specific application will determine which of the properties will be of greatest importance. Physical and mechanical properties will be discussed in this chapter, while corrosion will be discussed in Chapter 2. We will consider the pro erties of Modulus of elas 2. Tensile strength 3. Yield strength 4. Elongation 5. Hardness 7. Specific gravity 8. Specific heat 9. Thermal conductivity 10. Thermal expansion coefficient pact strengt A. Modulus of Elasticity The modulus of elasticity is a measure of a metals stiffness or rigidity, which is a ratio of stress to strain of a material in the elastic region. Figure 1. 1 illustrates how this property is determined; the slope of the line repre sents the elastic portion of the stress-strain graph (i.e, it is the stress re- quired to produce unit strain). It is a good indication of the atom bond trength in crystalline materials. The uniaxial modulus of elasticity is often referred to as Youngs modulus and is represented by E. Table 1. 1 lists the moduli of some common materials Since the atom bond strength decreases with increasing temperature the moduli also decrease as temperature increases. Refer to Figure 1. 2. Mod- ulus has the same dimensions as stress, psi. B. Tensile Strength Tensile strength, also referred to as ultimate tensile strength is the maximum resistance of a material to deformation in a tensile test carried to rupture. As stress is continuously applied to a body, a point will be reached where stress and strain are no longer related in a linear manner. In addition, if the MARCEL DEKKER. INC

2 Chapter 1 ical and mechanical properties. Physical behavior deals with electrical, op￾tical, magnetic, and thermal properties. Mechanical behavior deals with the reaction of the body to a load or force. Corrosion resistance must also be taken into account. This applies whether the exposure is to the natural at￾mosphere, to a more aggressive atmosphere, or to physical contact with a corrodent. The specific application will determine which of the properties will be of greatest importance. Physical and mechanical properties will be discussed in this chapter, while corrosion will be discussed in Chapter 2. We will consider the prop￾erties of 1. Modulus of elasticity 2. Tensile strength 3. Yield strength 4. Elongation 5. Hardness 6. Density 7. Specific gravity 8. Specific heat 9. Thermal conductivity 10. Thermal expansion coefficient 11. Impact strength A. Modulus of Elasticity The modulus of elasticity is a measure of a metal’s stiffness or rigidity, which is a ratio of stress to strain of a material in the elastic region. Figure 1.1 illustrates how this property is determined; the slope of the line repre￾sents the elastic portion of the stress–strain graph (i.e., it is the stress re￾quired to produce unit strain). It is a good indication of the atom bond strength in crystalline materials. The uniaxial modulus of elasticity is often referred to as Young’s modulus and is represented by E. Table 1.1 lists the moduli of some common materials. Since the atom bond strength decreases with increasing temperature the moduli also decrease as temperature increases. Refer to Figure 1.2. Mod￾ulus has the same dimensions as stress, psi. B. Tensile Strength Tensile strength, also referred to as ultimate tensile strength, is the maximum resistance of a material to deformation in a tensile test carried to rupture. As stress is continuously applied to a body, a point will be reached where stress and strain are no longer related in a linear manner. In addition, if the