Who is in the Space Enterprise and what are their roles? Reading A. US National Space Policy, http://www.whitehouse.gov/wh/eop/osTp/htmL/ostpHomehtml B.DodSpacePolicyhttp://www.c3i.osd.mil/org/c3is/spacepol/index.html C.Nrohomepagehttp://www.nro.mil D.Nasahomepagehttp://www.nasa.gov/enterprises.html E. Aerospace Integration State of the space Industry 1999 Outline A. The players B. Their functions C. US Government space budgets by year D. Role of the major players in space policy and their equities and issues NASA National Security Space Air Force +(Navy and army) NRO E. Impact of commercial space on everyone else
Who is in the Space Enterprise and what are their roles? Reading: A. US National Space Policy, http://www.whitehouse.gov/WH/EOP/OSTP/html/OSTP_Home.html B. DoD Space Policy,http://www.c3i.osd.mil/org/c3is/spacepol/index.html C. NRO homepage, http://www.nro.mil D. NASA homepage, http://www.nasa.gov/enterprises.html E. Aerospace Integration F. State of the Space Industry 1999 Outline: A. The players B. Their functions C. US Government space budgets by year D. Role of the major players in space policy and their equities and issues - NASA - National Security Space - Air Force + (Navy and Army) - NRO - Commercial E. Impact of commercial space on everyone else
The players Military- Fight and win the Nation's wars Organize, Train equip Air Force(the largest spender) Army Navy BMDO DARPA. DISA Provide combatant forces to supported CINCS US Space Command Air Force Space Command( the largest spender) Naval Space Command Army Space Command Intelligence- Provide timely information and data to support foreign, defense and economic policies National Reconnaissance Office(NRO)(the largest spender) NIMA DIA Arm Mar Air Force Civil NASA(the largest spender) DOC (NOAA, Office of Space Commercialization) DOT(FAA) State Dept DOE Dept of the Interior (USGS) Oversight OS TP (National Science and Technology council) Congress(Intelligence Committees, Defense Committees, Independent Agency
The players Military - Fight and Win the Nation's wars Organize, Train & Equip • Air Force (the largest spender) • Army, Navy • BMDO, DARPA, DISA Provide Combatant forces to supported CINCS US Space Command • Air Force Space Command (the largest spender) • Naval Space Command • Army Space Command Intelligence - Provide timely information and data to support foreign, defense and economic policies National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) (the largest spender) NIMA NSA DIA Army Navy Marines Air Force Civil - NASA(the largest spender) DOC (NOAA, Office of Space Commercialization) DOT (FAA) State Dept DOE Dept of the Interior (USGS) Oversight OSTP (National Science and Technology Council) OMB Congress (Intelligence Committees, Defense Committees, Independent Agency Committees)
Commercial Launch hardware and services providers Lockheed martin Boer Orbital Sciences Corp China Russia ArianeSpace Satellite hardware providers Hughes Electronics Corp Space Systems Loral Lockheed Martin Motorola RW Boeing OSC Alcatel Matra marconi Satellite Operators Hughes Electronics Corp Lockheed Martin Iridium B INMARSAT INTELSAT Ground system operators, subsystem suppliers Raytheon Alliant etc International Significant Space Programs( Government and Military and Commercial) Russi ESA F1 Germany Italy India Israel
Commercial Launch hardware and services providers Lockheed Martin Boeing Orbital Sciences Corp. China Russia ArianeSpace Satellite hardware providers Hughes Electronics Corp. Space Systems Loral Lockheed Martin Motorola TRW Boeing OSC Alcatel Matra Marconi Satellite Operators Hughes Electronics Corp. Lockheed Martin Iridium OSC Boeing INMARSAT INTELSAT Etc Ground system operators, subsystem suppliers Raytheon Alliant etc. International Significant Space Programs (Government and Military and Commercial) Russia China ESA France Germany Italy Japan India Israel
Other Academia( Stanford, BU, Caltech, MiT, U of Colorado, Arizona State U etc. Federally Funded Research and Development Centers(APL, MIT Lincoln Lab Aerospace, LANL, LLNL, Sandia, JPL) Space sectors- The Functions Military Communications Environmental Monitoring Precision Navigation Timing(for satellites for Earth based users) Warning surveillance Space Control Launch Satellite Command control Space Weapons Intelligence Communications IMINT MASINT SIGINT Launch Satellite Command and Control Communications Environmental Monitoring Navigation Timing(for satellites) Launch ExpI ploration Manned Space Remote Sensing Commercial Communications Remote sensing Satellite command control Navigation Timing(for satellites
Other Academia (Stanford, BU, Caltech, MIT, U of Colorado, Arizona State U etc.) Federally Funded Research and Development Centers (APL, MIT Lincoln Lab, Aerospace, LANL, LLNL, Sandia, JPL) Space Sectors- The Functions Military Communications Environmental Monitoring Precision Navigation & Timing (for satellites & for Earth based users) Warning & Surveillance Space Control Launch Satellite Command & Control Space Weapons Intelligence Communications IMINT MASINT SIGINT Launch Satellite Command and Control Civil Communications Environmental Monitoring Navigation & Timing (for satellites) Launch Space Exploration Manned Space Remote Sensing Commercial Communications Launch Remote Sensing Satellite command & control Navigation & Timing (for satellites)
US Government Space Budgets(Then Year Dollars) NAS Other 1986 7,165 14.126 368 21.659 1987 9809 16.287 352 26.448 1988 8,302 17.679 626 26,607 1989 10.098 17,906 44 28448 1990 12.142 15616 387 28.145 1991 13.036 14,181 566 27.783 1992 13,199 15,023 624 28,846 1993 13.077 14.106 559 27.742 1994 13.022 13.166 465 26.653 1995 12,543 10,644 489 23,676 1996 11,514 707 24.790 Note the rise and decline of nasa as well as the rise and decline of the dod However, note the growth of commercial markets(approx the same now Glob100 al n晏8 】a stme 60 ($B).40 Missions, Equities Budgets mdSp sotssffs efefaior Players NASA 20 2005 Explore and develop space for human enterprise, increase knowledge about earth and space and conduct research in space and aeronautics
US Government Space Budgets (Then Year Dollars) FY NASA DoD Other Total 1986 7,165 14,126 368 21,659 1987 9,809 16,287 352 26,448 1988 8,302 17,679 626 26,607 1989 10,098 17,906 444 28,448 1990 12,142 15,616 387 28,145 1991 13,036 14,181 566 27,783 1992 13,199 15,023 624 28,846 1993 13,077 14,106 559 27,742 1994 13,022 13,166 465 26,653 1995 12,543 10,644 489 23,676 1996 12,569 11,514 707 24,790 Note the rise and decline of NASA as well as the rise and decline of the DoD However, note the growth of commercial markets (approx the same now) Glob100 al Government Commercial 80 Inve n s stme nt ($B) Missions, Equities, Budgets and Space Assets of Major Players 60 40 20 NASA Mission 0 1995 2000 2005 Explore and develop space for human enterprise, increase knowledge about earth and space and conduct research in space and aeronautics
About 12 billion for space Space Assets Human Space Flight Space Shuttle Space scie Hubble Space telescope Chandra Space Telescope C Many mars missions Earth Science EOS-AMI EOS-PMI Etc RLV X-34 Communications TDRS Equities(see national space policy) Human space flight, space science, earth science(with NOAA), RLVs Technology missions shared with AF and NRO NASA role in Us Space Policy Lead in r&d for civil space activities E.g. deep space exploration(clear) Human space flight(clear) Reusable launch vehicles(not so clear.) Focus on Space Science with goal being science as opposed to operations like space weather, 4 themes 1)Origins- Are we alone?, Where did we come from? 2)Exploration of the Solar System Explain the formation of the Solar System the Earth Seek the origin of life& its existence beyond Earth Chart our destiny in Solar System 3)Sun-Earth Connection Understand the changing Sun and it's effects on the Solar System, life society
Budget About 12 billion for space Space Assets Human Space Flight Space Shuttle ISS Space Science Hubble Space telescope Chandra Space Telescope Galileo Cassini Many Mars missions Earth Science EOS-AM1 EOS-PM1 Etc RLV X-33 X-34 Communications TDRS Equities (see national space policy) Human space flight, space science, earth science (with NOAA), RLVs. Technology missions shared with AF and NRO. NASA role in US Space Policy Lead in R&D for civil space activities E.g. deep space exploration (clear) Human space flight (clear) Reusable launch vehicles (not so clear…) Focus on Space Science with goal being science as opposed to operations like space weather , 4 themes: 1) Origins – Are we alone?, Where did we come from? 2) Exploration of the Solar System: - Explain the formation of the Solar System & the Earth - Seek the origin of life & its existence beyond Earth - Chart our destiny in Solar System 3) Sun-Earth Connection: - Understand the changing Sun and it’s effects on the Solar System, life & society
4)Structure Evolution of the Universe Explain the structure in the Universe forecast our destiny Explore the cycles of matter energy in the evolving universe Examine the ultimate limits of gravity energy in the universe Earth Science with the goal being to obtain a scientific understanding of the entire Earth system on a global scale practical goal to enable us to predict both short long term changes in biosphere dy Human Space Flight with the goal of opening the space frontier by exploring, using and enabling the development of space and expanding the human experience into the far reaches of space Aerospace Technology with the goal of achieving the full potential of space for all human endeavors through affordable space transportation Note the following points: The policy goals for NASA are to nhance knowled help understand human influence on the environment conduct human space flight for scientific, commercial and exploration reasons explore space technologies applications in support of economic competitiveness Thus nasa will 1)Operate ISS primarily as a means to support a future decision on the desirability of further human exploration(read Mars but this is the last mention in the space policy on human exploration of Mars) 2)Help develop an RLV to enable U.S. to leapfrog launch competitors 3)Focus on robotic exploration of Mars 4) Focus on reducing cost by innovative technologies(this arose from the concern that NASA focused only on science return not cost) 5)Always keep safety in mind for ISs shuttle (i.e. there will be no more Challenger disasters 6)Not compete with the private sector(especially JPL, a concern of the past) 7)Get out of non-core things that can be provided by the space section (i.e. space communication
4) Structure & Evolution of the Universe: - Explain the structure in the Universe & forecast our destiny. - Explore the cycles of matter & energy in the evolving universe. - Examine the ultimate limits of gravity & energy in the universe. Earth Science with the goal being to obtain a scientific understanding of the entire Earth system on a global scale. - practical goal to enable us to predict both short & long term changes in biosphere dynamics. Human Space Flight with the goal of opening the space frontier by exploring, using and enabling the development of space and expanding the human experience into the far reaches of space. Aerospace Technology with the goal of achieving the full potential of space for all human endeavors through affordable space transportation. - Note the following points: The policy goals for NASA are to: - enhance knowledge - help understand human influence on the environment - conduct human space flight for scientific, commercial and exploration reasons - explore space technologies & applications in support of economic competitiveness. Thus NASA will: 1) Operate ISS primarily as a means to support a future decision on the desirability of further human exploration (read Mars but this is the last mention in the space policy on human exploration of Mars). 2) Help develop an RLV to enable U.S. to leapfrog launch competitors 3) Focus on robotic exploration of Mars 4) Focus on reducing cost by innovative technologies (this arose from the concern that NASA focused only on science return not cost) 5) Always keep safety in mind for ISS & shuttle (i.e. there will be no more Challenger disasters) 6) Not compete with the private sector (especially JPL, a concern of the past) 7) Get out of non-core things that can be provided by the space section (i.e. space communication)
Clinton Administration 1993 National security space activities shall contribute to US national security by supporting right of self-defense of US, allies and friends deterring, warning, and defending against enemy attack assuring hostile forces cannot prevent our ountering,if necessary, space systems and services used for hostile purposes enhancing operations of U.S. and allied forces ensuring our ability to conduct military and intelligence space-related activities satisfying military and intelligence requirements during peace and crisis as well as through all levels of Department of Defense Space policy Supports and amplifies U.S. national space policy Space recognized as an operational medium(like land, sea and air) Space mission areas defined Space Support Force Enhancement Space Control Force Application
Clinton Administration 1993 - Department of Defense Space Policy Clinton Administration 1993 - • National security space activities shall contribute to US national security by: - supporting right of self-defense of US, allies and friends - deterring, warning, and defending against enemy attack - assuring hostile forces cannot prevent our use of space - countering, if necessary, space systems and services used for hostile purposes - enhancing operations of U.S. and allied forces - ensuring our ability to conduct military and intelligence space-related activities - satisfying military and intelligence requirements during peace and crisis as well as through all levels of conflict Department of Defense Space Policy • Supports and amplifies U.S. national space policy • Space recognized as an operational medium (like land, sea and air) • Space mission areas defined: - Space Support - Force Enhancement - Space Control - Force Application
The Next Air Force In Space 1950s1960s1970s1980s1990 2000s COMPLETE SET DERECT DsCS III VHILSTAR 2004 ADVANCED VILSAICOM WARNING IR WARNING WEATHER SPUTN NAV mⅢ LAUNCH Lae NCER AT AS T ATLAS IAS EELV.MLV EELV.HLV Air Force Air Force budget for space missiles is about 9 billion Air Force is executive agent for many space systems
The Next Air Force In Space 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000S COMM WARNING WEATHER NAV LAUNCH LES 5 IST DOD UHF 1967 TACSAT 1969 DSCS II 1971 DSCS COMPLETE SET 1978 DSCS III 1982 MILSTAR TACTICAL REDIRECT 1990 MILSTAR 1994 4 MILSTARs 2000 MIDAS IR WARNING 1961 IMEWS DSP GEN 1 1970 DSP GEN 2 1976 DSP GEN 3 1989 TIROS NASA/DOD 1960 TOS 1966 ITOS/NOAA TIROS + 1970 TIROS N/NOAA 1978 DMSP INITIAL 1982 POES NOAA 10- 1986 TRANSIT 1964 TRANSIT CIVIL USE 1967 GPS PROGRAM 1973 GPS II 1989 GPS IIA 1990 GPS IIR 1996 DELTA FROM THOR 1959 SCOUT 1960 ATLAS CENTAUR 1963 TITAN II ICBM 1963 SPACE SHUTTLE 1981 TITAN LAUNCHER 1986 DOD OFF SHUTTLE 1987-88 ATLAS II 1988 DELTA 1989 ATLAS IIAS 1993 SPUTNIK 1957 GBS 2004 ADVANCED MILSATCOM 2006 SBIRS GEO 2002 SBIRS LEO 2004 NPOES 2007 GPS IIF 2001 EELV-MLV 2002 EELV-HLV 2004 IDCSP 1966 2000s Air Force Air Force budget for space & missiles is about 9 billion. Air Force is executive agent for many space systems
Precision Engagement 1500 B-17 sorties 30 F-4 sorties 1 F-117 sortie 1 B-2 sortie 9000 bombs(250#)176 bombs(500# 2 bombs(2000#t) 16 bombs(2000#f) 400 ft CEP 10 ft CEP 20 ft CEP One 600 x 1000 target One Target Two Targets per Sortie 16 Targets per Pass Vietnam All Weathe 國國國的 霉串事 1A3 1970 1991 1996 SPACE IS AN ENABLER OF PRECISION ENGAGEMENT Air Force Space policy Tenants Spacepower will be as decisive in future combat as airpower is today The Air force leads the integration of space throughout all joint operations Create fully integrated air and space forces that exploit the aerospace environment
Precision Engagement 1943 1970 1991 1996 SPACE IS AN ENABLER OF PRECISION ENGAGEMENT 30 F-4 sorties 176 bombs (500#) 400 ft CEP One Target Vietnam 1500 B-17 sorties 9000 bombs (250#) 3300 ft CEP One 60Õ x 100Õ target W.W.II 1 F-117 sortie 2 bombs (2000#) 10 ft CEP Two Targets per Sortie Desert Storm 1 B-2 sortie 16 bombs (2000#) 20 ft CEP 16 Targets per Pass All Weather Air Force Space Policy Tenants • Spacepower will be as decisive in future combat as airpower is today • The Air Force leads the integration of space throughout all joint operations • Create fully integrated air and space forces that exploit the aerospace environment