物理科学现代艺术图片欣赏 用形象的艺术语言表达深奥的物理科学 Caustic hree-dimensional caustics formed on a flat sea bottom by light passing through two consecutive wavy surfaces Caustics are places where things accumulate; in this case light is accumulating. We often think of focal points as places where light gathers after passing through a lens, but more generally, for "random"lenses, there are many more interesting patterns to examine Caustics are seen abundantly in the two-dimensional electron flow Transport series; there, we are looking at the flow as it moves along in two dimensions. Here, we are seeing the flow of light in three dimensions as it is interrupted by the sea bottom surface. This pattern is not possible for a true sea bottom, because the light has passed through seven consecutive surfaces, being refracted twice (Caustic I uses two such wavy surfaces to refract the light)
物理科学现代艺术图片欣赏 用形象的艺术语言表达深奥的物理科学 Caustic I Three-dimensional caustics formed on a flat sea bottom by light passing through two consecutive wavy surfaces. Caustics are places where things accumulate; in this case light is accumulating. We often think of focal points as places where light gathers after passing through a lens, but more generally, for "random" lenses, there are many more interesting patterns to examine. Caustics are seen abundantly in the two-dimensional electron flow Transport series; there, we are looking at the flow as it moves along in two dimensions. Here, we are seeing the flow of light in three dimensions as it is interrupted by the sea bottom surface. This pattern is not possible for a true sea bottom, because the light has passed through seven consecutive surfaces, being refracted twice. (Caustic I uses two such wavy surfaces to refract the light)
CausticⅢ s Three-dimensional caustics formed on a flat sea bot tom by light passing through seven consecutive wavy surfaces Caustics are places where things accumulate; in this case light is accumulating. We often think of focal points as places where light gathers after passing through a lens, but more generally, for "random"lenses, there are many more interesting patterns to examine Caustics are seen abundantly in the two-dimensional electron flow Transport series; there, we are looking at the flow as it moves along in two dimensions. Here, we are seeing the flow of light in three dimensions as it is interrupted by the sea bottom surface. This pattern is not possible for a true sea bottom, because the light has passed through seven consecutive surfaces, being refracted twice (Caustic I uses two such wavy surfaces to refract the light, Caustic I uses seven)
Caustic II Three-dimensional caustics formed on a flat sea bottom by light passing through seven consecutive wavy surfaces. Caustics are places where things accumulate; in this case light is accumulating. We often think of focal points as places where light gathers after passing through a lens, but more generally, for "random" lenses, there are many more interesting patterns to examine. Caustics are seen abundantly in the two-dimensional electron flow Transport series; there, we are looking at the flow as it moves along in two dimensions. Here, we are seeing the flow of light in three dimensions as it is interrupted by the sea bottom surface. This pattern is not possible for a true sea bottom, because the light has passed through seven consecutive surfaces, being refracted twice. (Caustic I uses two such wavy surfaces to refract the light, Caustic II uses seven)
CausticⅣV Caustic iv displays folds, cusps, and swallowtails, which are typical caustic structures, her formed by looking through a ruled, transparent colored three-dimensional curved sheet Caustic lv displays folds, cusps, and swallowtails, which are typical caustic structures, here formed by looking through a ruled, transparent colored three-dimensional curved sheet. The heet itself is smooth(but not flat when we project it onto a plane by looking through it from a certain angle) we see accumulation regions where material builds up along the line of sight. One of the most common caustics is called a cusp Cusps result when a flat part of a sheet develops a fold somewhere along the sheet At a definite point, we can see two new edges or caustics where before none existed. Several of these can be seen in Caustic MV Caustic IV emphasizes the appearance of caustics in projections of higher dimensional objects onto lower dimension, a property also present in Torus and Torus V. a caustic is a region where the higher dimensional surface lies tangent to the projection, thus it's shadow"piles up"along a caustic Color hue and value in this image are determined in part by color subtraction of overlapping parts of the sheet
Caustic IV Caustic IV displays folds, cusps, and swallowtails, which are typical caustic structures, here formed by looking through a ruled, transparent colored three-dimensional curved sheet. Caustic IV displays folds, cusps, and swallowtails, which are typical caustic structures, here formed by looking through a ruled, transparent colored three-dimensional curved sheet. The sheet itself is smooth (but not flat); when we project it onto a plane (by looking through it from a certain angle) we see accumulation regions where material builds up along the line of sight. One of the most common caustics is called a cusp. Cusps result when a flat part of a sheet develops a fold somewhere along the sheet. At a definite point, we can see two n ew edges or caustics where before none existed. Several of these can be seen in Caustic IV. Caustic IV emphasizes the appearance of caustics in projections of higher dimensional objects onto lower dimension, a property also present in Torus III and Torus IV. A caustic is a region where the higher dimensional surface lies tangent to the projection, thus it’s shadow “piles up” along a caustic. Color hue and value in this image are determined in part by color subtraction of overlapping parts of the sheet
Interpenetrating Surfaces e peer through several interpenetrating approximately ellipically shaped surfaces. Electrons in molecules normally move a lot faster than the nuclei. This leads to the concept of effective potential energy surfaces that govern the motion of nuclei. These surfaces interpenetrate, and intersect in various ways. Their intersection actually causes a breakdown in the assumption that the motion of the nuclei can take place on the surfaces in the first place. The breakdown leads to interesting experimental consequences. Here we peer through several interpenetrating approximately ellipically shaped surfaces, transparent enough to see through into the next surface. Caustics develop as the viewing direction goes parallel to the surfaces. The breakdown of the so-called adiabatic" approximation is suggested by the broken nature and color chaos of the surfaces
Interpenetrating Surfaces We peer through several interpenetrating approximately ellipically shaped surfaces. Electrons in molecules normally move a lot faster than the nuclei. This leads to the concept of effective potential energy surfaces that govern the motion of nuclei. These surfaces interpenetrate, and intersect in various ways. Their intersection actually causes a breakdown in the assumption that the motion of the nuclei can take place on the surfaces in the first place. The breakdown leads to interesting experimental consequences. Here we peer through several interpenetrating approximately ellipically shaped surfaces, transparent enough to see through into the next surface. Caustics develop as the viewing direction goes parallel to the surfaces. The breakdown of the so-called "adiabatic" approximation is suggested by the broken nature and color chaos of the surfaces
2DEG AS A/GaAs Variation and elaboration of an illustration for an article on two dimensional electron gases in Physics Today. This image began as an illustration for an article on two dimension al electron gases in Physics Today. Depicting various layers in the micron sized heterostructures, and especially the electron donating atoms together with the effective potential energy landscape whic induce on the electrons living in the interfacial layer between Gallium Arsinide and Aluminum Gallium Arsinide semiconductor crystals, the original image invited variation and elaboration
2DEG Variation and elaboration of an illustration for an article on two dimensional electron gases in Physics Today. This image began as an illustration for an article on two dimensional electron gases in Physics Today. Depicting various layers in the micron sized heterostructures, and especially the electron donating atoms together with the effective potential energy landscape which induce on the electrons living in the interfacial layer between Gallium Arsinide and Aluminum Gallium Arsinide semiconductor crystals, the original image invited variation and elaboration
Analyzed Collision Collisions between polyatomic and diatomic molecules, with acceleration vectors included. Two different collisions are shown, one behind the other Each collision is performed in time steps, and at each step the atoms making up the molecules are drawn. For example, the twisting red and green track on the lower left is a diatomic molecule, vibrating and rotating as it moved toward the edge of the image. Each of the two collisions actually took place in two dimensions, i.e the plane of the image. Therefore, when the track of one atom is hiding another, it is because that atom appeared there after the other had passed by. The overall effect is three dimensional, but the third dimension is really time, not depth Knowing this, it is possible to reconstruct much of the history of the collisions from the image. The acceleration arrows show how much and in what direction each atom was accelerating at each step The collision in the foreground proceeded from top to bottom, the molecules entering the scene from the top and upper left, and after colliding in the middle, exit on the bottom and lower right
Analyzed Collision Collisions between polyatomic and diatomic molecules, with acceleration vectors included. Two different collisions are shown, one behind the other. Each collision is performed in time steps, and at each step the atoms making up the molecules are drawn. For example, the twisting red and green track on the lower left is a diatomic molecule, vibrating and rotating as it moved toward the edge of the image. Each of the two collisions actually took place in two dimensions, i.e. the plane of the image. Therefore, when the track of one atom is hiding another, it is because that atom appeared there after the other had passed by. The overall effect is three dimensional, but the third dimension is really time, not depth! Knowing this, it is possible to reconstruct much of the history of the collisions from the image. The acceleration arrows show how much and in what direction each atom was accelerating at each step. The collision in the foreground proceeded from top to bottom, the molecules entering the scene from the top and upper left, and after colliding in the middle, exit on the bottom and lower right
Collision‖ Stroboscopic record of a collision between four diatomic molecules, a tetra-atomic molecule and an atom This is the stroboscopic record of a collision between four diatomic molecules, a tetra-atomi molecule and an atom the vibrations and rotations of the molecules before and after collision are seen in the peculiar intertwining paths executed by the atoms in the molecule. This is a classica picture of the collision showing chaos in the very complicated and sensitive dependence on exactly where the atoms are as they begin to collide. The collision proceeded from top to bottom the molecules entering the scene from the top and upper left, and after colliding in the middle, exit on the bottom and lower right, although two diatomic molecules started within the scene
Collision II Stroboscopic record of a collision between four diatomic molecules, a tetra-atomic molecule, and an atom. This is the stroboscopic record of a collision between four diatomic molecules, a tetra-atomic molecule, and an atom. The vibrations and rotations of the molecules before and after collision are seen in the peculiar intertwining paths executed by the atoms in the molecule. This is a classical picture of the collision showing chaos in the very complicated and sensitive dependence on exactly where the atoms are as they begin to collide. The collision proceeded from top to bottom, the molecules entering the scene from the top and upper left, and after colliding in the middle, exit on the bottom and lower right, although two diatomic molecules started within the scene
Rotating Rotator I Tracks of three different four segmented rotators are seen in the foreground, as they proceeded from lower part of the image towards the upper The simplest rotator consists of two rigid bars pivoted together end to end. The bars are free to rotate around the pivot like the segments of an old-fashioned carpenter's ruler, only without the friction. If you throw such a rotator into the air, the segments will pivot around each other in nteresting ways, while the object as a whole flies smoothly through the air. if there are three or more segments, the pivoting is chaotic. First one segment may spin wildly, then all three segments may rotate as a unit, then perhaps the two end segments spin in opposite directions, etc. No matter how many segments there are, the wild rotations of the individual segments, together with the overall rotation as a whole, proceed independently of the smooth motion of what is called the"center of mass"of the object. The reason for this is that the rotator is acting only on itself. The forces, which cause the segments to rotate at different rates, are exerted by the rotator and not by some outside agent. if there is no outside agent, the center of mass moves uniformly, according to Newton's laws In Rotating Rotator l, the tracks of three dififerent four segmented rotators are seen in the foreground, as they proceeded from lower part of the image towards the upper In the background, more rotator paths are shown. The difference is that in the background three sets of rotators actually collided near the middle of the picture, leading to changes in the pattern of rotation and changes in the directions of the center of mass of each of the rotators
Rotating Rotator I Tracks of three different four segmented rotators are seen in the foreground, as they proceeded from lower part of the image towards the upper. The simplest rotator consists of two rigid bars pivoted together end to end. The bars are free to rotate around the pivot like the segments of an old-fashioned carpenter's ruler, only without the friction. If you throw such a rotator into the air, the segments will pivot around each other in interesting ways, while the object as a whole flies smoothly through the air. If there are three or more segments, the pivoting is chaotic. First one segment may spin wildly, then all three segments may rotate as a unit, then perhaps the two end segments spin in opposite directions, etc. No matter how many segments there are, the wild rotations of the individual segments, together with the overall rotation as a whole, proceed independently of the smooth motion of what is called the "center of mass" of the object. The reason for this is that the rotator is acting only on itself. The forces, which cause the segments to rotate at different rates, are exerted by the rotator and not by some outside agent. If there is no outside agent, the center of mass moves uniformly, according to Newton's laws. In Rotating Rotator I, the tracks of three different four segmented rotators are seen in the foreground, as they proceeded from lower part of the image towards the upper. In the background, more rotator paths are shown. The difference is that in the background three sets of rotators actually collided near the middle of the picture, leading to changes in the pattern of rotation and changes in the directions of the center of mass of each of the rotators
Rotating Rotator hree sets of four-segmented rotators were set spinning and traveling from left to right. The simplest rotator consists of two rigid bars pivoted together end to end. The bars are free to rotate around the pivot like the segments of an old-fashioned carpenter's ruler, only without the friction. If you throw such a rotator into the air, the segments will pivot around each other in interesting ways, while the object as a whole flies smoothly through the air If there are three or more segments, the pivoting is chaotic. First one segment may spin wildly, then all three segments may rotate as a unit, then perhaps the two end segments spin in opposite directions, etc. No matter how many segments there are, the wild rotations of the individual segments, together with the overall rotation as a whole, proceed independently of the smooth motion of what is called the "center of mass"of the object. The reason for this is that the rotator is acting only on itself. The forces that cause the segments to rotate at different rates are exerted by the rotator and not by some outside agent. If there is no outside agent, the center of mass moves uniformly, according to Newton's laws In Rotating Rotator I, three sets of four-segmented rotators were set spinning and traveling from left to right. The images are stroboscopic; meaning that after very short intervals a new picture of what the rotator is doing is taken and added to existing pictures. The rule is that the current image of the rotator overwrites and overlays all prior images. In this way the history of the rotation and the progress of the rotator can be deduced from the image The tracks of three different four segmented rotators are seen in the foreground, as they proceeded from lower part of the image towards the upper In the background, more rotator paths are shown. The difference is that in the background three sets of rotators actually collide near the middle of the picture, leading to changes in the pattern of rotation and changes in the directions of the center of mass of each of the rotators
Rotating Rotator II Three sets of four-segmented rotators were set spinning and traveling from left to right. The simplest rotator consists of two rigid bars pivoted together end to end. The bars are free to rotate around the pivot like the segments of an old-fashioned carpenter's ruler, only without the friction. If you throw such a rotator into the air, the segments will pivot around each other in interesting ways, while the object as a whole flies smoothly through the air. If there are three or more segments, the pivoting is chaotic. First one segment may spin wildly, then all three segments may rotate as a unit, then perhaps the two end segments spin in opposite directions, etc. No matter how many segments there are, the wild rotations of the individual segments, together with the overall rotation as a whole, proceed independently of the smooth motion of what is called the "center of mass" of the object. The reason for this is that the rotator is acting only on itself. The forces that cause the segments to rotate at different rates are exerted by the rotator and not by some outside agent. If there is no outside agent, the center of mass moves uniformly, according to Newton's laws. In Rotating Rotator II, three sets of four-segmented rotators were set spinning and traveling from left to right. The images are stroboscopic; meaning that after very short intervals a new picture of what the rotator is doing is taken and added to existing pictures. The rule is that the current image of the rotator overwrites and overlays all prior images. In this way, the history of the rotation and the progress of the rotator can be deduced from the image. The tracks of three different four segmented rotators are seen in the foreground, as they proceeded from lower part of the image towards the upper. In the background, more rotator paths are shown. The difference is that in the background three sets of rotators actually collided near the middle of the picture, leading to changes in the pattern of rotation and changes in the directions of the center of mass of each of the rotators
Banyan Electrons are injected at the lower left and ride over a bumpy landscape, with the elevation slowly rising toward the top of the image Electrons are launched from the lower left over a bumpy landscape simulating donor atoms near an electron gas. There is also a potential gradient in this case, slowing the electrons down as the approach the top of the image, and turning them back so that they head toward the bottom again As they slow down, the bumps become too high to surmount, and several hilltops are visible as excluded holes in the upper third of the picture
Banyan Electrons are injected at the lower left and ride over a bumpy landscape, with the elevation slowly rising toward the top of the image. Electrons are launched from the lower left over a bumpy landscape simulating donor atoms near an electron gas. There is also a potential gradient in this case, slowing the electrons down as the approach the top of the image, and turning them back so that they head toward the bottom again. As they slow down, the bumps become too high to surmount, and several hilltops are visible as excluded holes in the upper third of the picture