《媒介与社会性别 Media and Gender》本科课程参考文献_Freud 1

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THREE ESSAYS ON SEXUALITY I. THE SEXUAL ABERRATIONS object and the act towards which the instinct tends c) They may be contingent inverts. In that case, under certain aim. Scientifically sifted observation, then, shows that ous deviations occur in respect of both of thesc-thc external conditions---of which inaccessibility of any normal object and the sexual aim. The relation between these devia- sexual object and imitation are the chief--they are capable of taking as their sexual object someone of their own sex and of tions and what is assumed to be normal requires thorough deriving satisfaction from sexual intercourse with him nvestigation Again, inverts vary in their views as to the peculiarity of their sexual instinct. Some of them accept their (1)DEVIATIONS IN RESPECT OF THE SEXUAL OBJECT accepts the direction of his libido, and insist energetically that inversion is as legitimate as the normal attitude, others rebel &i The popular view of the sexual instinct is beautifully re beings against their inversion and feel it as a pathological compulsion,I he poetic fable which tells he Other variations occur which relate to questions of time. The were cut up into two halves--man and woman-and how these trait of inversion may either date back to the very beginning, as are al ways striving to unite again in love. I It comes as a great far back as the subject's memory reaches, or it may not have surprise therefore to learn that there are men whose sexual become noticeable till some particular time before or after It t throughout life or it m bject is a woman and not a man. People of this kind are des- nto temporary abeyance, or again it may constitute an episod on the way to a normal development. It may even make its averts,, and the fact is described as 'inversion The number of rst appearance late in life after a long period of normal sexual activity. A periodic oscillation between a normal and an in in establishing it precisely. 2 verted sexual object has also sometimes been observed. Those (A)INVERSION cases are of particular interest in which the libido changes over to an inverted sexual object after a distressing experience with BEHAVIOUR Such people vary greatly in their behaviour in a normal one As a rule these different kinds of variations are found side by (a)They may be absolute inverts. In that case side independently of one another. It is, however, safe to assum their sexual objects are exclusively of their own sex. Persons of that the most extreme form of inversion will have been present the opposite sex are never the object of their sexual d from a very early age and that the person concerned will feel leave them cold or even arouse sexual aversion in them. as a consequence of this aversion, they are incapable, if they are men Many authorities would be unwilling to class together all of carrying out the sexual act, or else they derive no enjoyment 1 The fact of a person struggling in this way aait "of his being towards inversion may perhaps determine the possibility influenced by suggestion [added 1910: or psycho-an a Many writers have insisted with justice that the dates assigned of their own or of the opposite sex. This kind of inversion thus lacks the char istic of exclusiveness terosexual feelings from their memory. [Added 1910: These suspicions ave been confirmed by psycho topb: This is no doubt an allusion to the theory expounded by Aris. hich it has had access; it has produced decisive: alterations in the o d to this much later at the end of Chapter VI of Beyond the Pleasure Principle(1920 g) 2 On these difficulties and on the attempts which have been made to arrive at the proportional number of inverts, see Hirschfeld ( 1904) investigation of inverts. I

THREE ESSAYS ON SEXUALITY THE UAL ABERRATIONS the various cases which I have enumerated and would prefe to lay stress upon their differences rather than their resem (2)It is similarly found in people whose efficiency is un blances, in accordance with their own preferred view of inver- mpaired, and who are indeed distinguished by specially high sion. Nevertheless, though the distinctions cannot be disputed intellectual development and ethical culture. I it is impossible to overlook the existence of numerous inter (3)If we disregard the patients we come across in our medical mediate examples of every type, so that we are driven to con practice, and cast our eyes round a wider horizon, we shall clude that we are dealing with a connected series ome in two directions upon facts which make it impossible to gard inversion as a sign of degeneracy a) Account must be taken of the fact that NATURE OF The earliest assessments regarded inversion as INVERSION an innate indication of nervous degeneracy. This corresponded to the fact that medical observers charged with important functions-among the first came across it in persons suffering, or appearing to suffer, quity at the height of their civilization from nervous diseases. This characterization of inversion in (6)It is remarkably widespread among many savage and volves two suppositions, which must be considered separately primitive races, whereas the concept of degeneracy is usuall that it is innate and that it is degenerate restricted to states of high civilization(cf. Bloch); and amongst the civilized peoples of Europe, climate and race exercise the most powerful influence on the prevalence of ACY The attribution of degeneracy in this connec- inversion and upon the attitude adopted towards it. 2 tion is open to the objections which can be raised against the indiscriminate use of the word in general. It has become the fashion to regard any symptom which is not NNATE As may be supposed, innateness is only attri obviously due to trauma or infection as a sign of degeneracy HaRaCter buted to the first, most extreme, class of inverts, Magnan's classification of degenerates is indeed of such a kind and the evidence for it rests upon assurances given as not to exclude the possibility of the concept of degeneracy by them that at no time in their lives has their sexual instinct being applied to a nervous system whose general functioning shown any sign of taking another course. The very existence of is excellent. This being so, it may well be asked whether an e two other classes, and especially the third [the"contingent attribution of degeneracy'is of any value or adds anything to inverts], is difficult to reconcile with the hypothesis of the in- our knowledge. It seems wiser nateness of inversion. This explains why those who support this (1)several serious deviations from the normal are found view tend to separate out the group of absolute inverts from all together, and the rest, thus abandoning any attempt at giving an account the capacity for efficient functioning and survival seem of inversion which shall have universal application. In view of these authorities inversion is innate in one to be severely impaired.1 Several facts go to show that in this legitimate sense of the of cases, while in others it may have come about word inverts cannot be regarded as degenerate way (1)Inversion is found in people who exhibit no other serious The reverse of this view is represented by the alternative deviations from the normal one that inversion is an acquired character of the sexual 1 It must be allowed that the spokesmen of'Uranism'arc justified in that sserting that some of the most prominent men in all recorded history The pathological approach to the study of inversion has been dis- nce be clear that there is small value in ever making a diagnosis of change is due to Bloch ( 1902-3), who has also laid stress on the occur rence of inversion among the civilizations of antiquity

THREE ESSAYS ON SEXUALITY I. THE SEXUAL ABERRATIONS tstinct. This second view is based on the following conside his sexual instinct attached to a particular sexual object. In the latter case it may be questioned whether the various accidental In the case of many inverts, even absolut t influences would be sufficient to explain the acquisition of in- ossible to show that very carly in their lives a sexual impression version without the co-operation of something in the subject occurred which left a permanent after-effect in the shape of a himself. As we have already shown, the existence of this las tendency to homosexuality. factor is not to be denied (2) In the case of many others, it is possible to point to external influences in their lives, whether of a favourable or BISEXUALITy A fresh contradiction of popular views is in- inhibiting character, which have led sooner or later to a fixation volved in the considerations put forward by of their inversion( Such influences are exclusive relations with Lydston [1889], Kiernan [1 evaller [893] persons of their own sex, comradeship in war, detention in endeavour to account for the possibility of sexual inversion. It prison, the dangers of heterosexual intercourse, celibacy, sexual is popularly believed that a human being is either a man or a (3)Inversion can be removed by hypnotic suggestion, which characters are obscured, and in which it is consequently diff would be astonishing in an innate characteristic cult to determine the sex. This arises in the first instance in the In view of these considerations it is even possible field of anatomy. The genitals of the individuals concerned the very existence of such a thing as innate inversion combine male and female characteristics. ( This condition is argued(cf. Havelock Ellis [1915])that, if the cases of of their early childhood would probably come to light which apparatus are found side by side fully developed(true her. maphroditism); but far more frequently both sets of organs are had a determining effect upon the direction taken by their rophied condition libido. This experience would simply have passed out of the subject,'s conscious recollection, but could be recalled to his s The importance of these abnormalities lies in the unexpected act that they facilitate our understanding of normal develop- uence In the opinion of these ment For it appears that a certain degree of anatomical writers inversion can only be described as a frequent variation hermaphroditism occurs normally. In every normal male of the sexual instinct, which can be determined by a number of female individual, traces are found of the apparatus of the external circumstances in the subject's life pposite sex. These either t without function The apparent certainty of this conclusion is, however, com- nentary organs or become modified and take on other functions pletely countered by the reflection that many people These long-familiar facts of anatomy lead us to suppose that jected to the same sexual influences(e.g to seduction or mutual an originally bisexual physical disposition has, in the course of ation, which evolution, become modified into a unisexual one, leaving behind coming inverted or without remaining so permanently. We only a few traces of the sex that has become atrophied are therefore forced to a suspicion that the choice between It was tempting to extend this hypothesis to the mental innate'andacquired' is not an exclusive one or that it does sphere and to explain inversion in all its varieties as the expres- not cover all the issues involved in inversion sion of a psychical hermaphroditism. All that was required further in order to settle the question was that inversion should The nature of inversion is explained nei be regularly accompanied by the mental and somatic signs of OF INvERSion by the hypothesis that it is innate nor by the former case we must ask in what respect it is innate, unless we a For the most recent descriptions of somatic hermaphroditism, se Taruffi(1903), and numerous papers by Neugebauer are to accept the crude explanation that everyone is born wit volumes of the Jahrbuch fur sexuelle wisch

THREE ESSAYS ON SEXUALITY I. THE SEXUAL ABERRATIONS But this expectation was disappointed. It is impossible to demonstrate so close a connection between the hypothetical viduals bisexual disposition endows him with masculine and psychical hermaphroditism and the established anatomical one. feminine brain centres as well as with somatic organs of sex a general lowering of the sexual instinct and a slight anatomical these centres develop only at puberty, for the most part under atrophy of the organs is found frequently in inverts(cf. Have the influence of the sex-gland, which is independent of them in Frequently, but by he original disposition. But what has just been said of mas usually. The truth must therefore be recognized that inversion culine and feminine brains applies equally to masculine and and somatic hermaphroditism are on the whole independent of feminine centres' and incidentally we have not even any each othe grounds for assuming that certain areas of the brain('centres' a great deal of importance, too, has been attached to what are set aside for the functions of sex, as is the case, for instance, are called the secondary and tertiary sexual characters and to with those of speech. 1 he great frequency of the occurrence of those of the opposite Nevertheless, two things emerge from these discussions. In sex in inverts( f. Havelock Ellis, 1915). Much of this the first place, a bisexual disposition is somehow concerned correct; but it should never be forgotten that in general the It appears(from a bibliography given in the sixth volum ry sexual characters of one sex occur very frequently in the opposite one. They are indications of her- suggest bisexuality January, 1884, he explanation of inversion, As long ago as in maphroditism, but are not attended by any change of sexual paper,'Les aberra object in the direction of inversion. Psychical hermaphroditism would gain substance ifthe majority of authors who derive inversion fr that factor not only in the case of inverts, but also for all those who have on of the sexual object were at least a parallel change-over of the subject s other mental qualities, instincts and already writes in this sense. Krafft-Ebing(1895, 10)remarks that ther only in inverted women that character-inversion of this kind istence of this second centre(that of the subordinated sex Dr. Arduin (1900)asserts that 'there are masculine and feminine mental masculinity can be combined with inversion. If the humai f. Hirschfeld, 1899); but one set of belief in psychical hermaphroditism is to be persisted in, it will be necessary to add that its manifestations in various spheres o-e-according to the sex of the person in question-is incomparabl other, so far as heterosexual indi show only slight signs of being mutually determined. More iduals are concerned.. 'Herman(1903)is convinced that'masculine over the same is true of somatic hermaphroditism very woman and remit to Halban( 1903), occurrences of individual atrophied organs the idea of bisexuality (in the se ty of sex) as his o and of secondary sexual characters are to a considerable extent 924:] In lay circles the hypothesis of human bisexuality is regarde ependent of one another being due to O. Weininger, the philosopher, who died at an ea The theory of bisexuality has been expressed in e,and who made the idea the basis of a somewhat unbalanced form by a spokesman of the male inverts: ' a feminine brain in a masculine body. But we are ignorant of what characterizes a importance of bisexuality owed muc feminine brain. There is neither need nor justification for re- Fliess(cf. p. 86 n ) and his forgetfulness of this fact on one occasion placing the psychological problem by the anatomical one Krafit-Ebing's attempted explanation seems to be more exactly framed than that of ulrichs but does not differ from it in A Child is Being B essentials, According to Krafft-Ebing(1895, 5), every indi Section VI). The whole question is gone into in detail by His paper includes a bibliography of the subjec ection I of his introduction to the Fliess correspondence 1950a)]

THREE ESSAYS ON SEXUALITY I, THE SEXUAL ABERRATIONS inversion, though we do not know in what that disposition con sists, beyond an atomical structure. And secondly, we have to The po e case of women is less ambiguous; for leal with disturbances that affect the sexual instinct in the among them the active inverts exhibit masculine characteristics, course o its development both physical and mental, with peculiar frequency and look for femininity in their sexual objects-though here again a closer SEXUAL OBJECT The theory of psychical hermaphroditism knowledge of the facts might reveal greater variet OF INVERTS presupposes that the sexual object of ar is the opposite of that of a normal person. An SEXUAL AIM The important fact to bear in mind is that no inverted man, it holds, is like a woman in being subject to the OF INVERT one single aim can be laid down as applying in charm that proceeds from masculine attributes both physical cases of inversion. Among men, intercourse per and mental: he feels he is a woman in search of a man m by no means coincides with inversion; masturbation is but however well this applies to quite a number of inverts. it ite as frequently their exclusive aim, and it is even true that is, nevertheless, far from revealing a universal characteristic of male inverts retain the mental quality of masculin roportion of There can be no doubt that possess relatively few of the secondary characters of the opposite sex and that what they look for in their sexual object are in leaving this behind, they fact feminine mental traits. If this were not so, how would it be themselues as their sexual object. That is to say, they proceed fro istic basis. and look possible to explain the fact that male prostitutes who offer nd whom they may love as their mother loved them. Moreover, we have themselves to inverts-to-day just as they did in ancient times- frequently found that alleged inverts have been by no means cate women in all the externals of their clothing and be- tible to the charms of women, but hay haviour? Such imitation would otherwise inevitably clash with citation aroused by women on to a male object. They have thus repeated he ideal of the inverts. It is clear that in Greece, where the all through their lives the mechanism by which their inversion arose, most masculine men were numbered among the inverts, what their ceaseless fight frog for men has turned out to be determined b! excited a man's love was not the masculine character of a boy, [At this point the footnote proceeded as follows in the 1910 edition out his physical resemblance to a woman well as his femin only: 'It must, however, be borne in mind that hitherto only a single ental qualities-his shyness, his modesty and his need type of invert has been submitted to psycho-an instruction and assistance. As soon as the boy became a mar exual activity is in general stunted ested as inversion The problem of inversion is a highly complex one and he ceased to be a sexual object for men and himself, perhaps cludes very various types of sexual activity and development. A strict became a lover of boys. In this instance, therefore, as in many onceptual distinction should be drawn between different cases of in others, the sexual object is not someone of the same sex but ng to whether the sexual character of the object or that someone who combines the characters of both sexes: there is It were, a compromise between an impulse that seeks for a man [Added 1915:] Psycho-analytic research is most decidedly opposed to ating off homosexuals from the rest of mankind as a and one that seeks for a woman, while it remains a paramount ondition that the object's body(i.e. genitals)shall be le. Thus the sexual object is a kind of reflection of the subject's [This last sentence was added in 1915.--Footmote added 1910: It is a greater part as a motive force for illness, than do similar attac On the contr mechanism of its development, and has made essential contributions to over male and female objects-as it is found in childhood, in primitive states of society and early periods of history, is the original basis from

THREE ESSAYS ON SEXUALITY THE SEXUAL ABERRATIONS restrictions of sexual aim-to the point of its being limited to which may turn out to be of greater importance to us than the mple outpourings of emotion--are commoner amd solution of that problem. It has been brought to our notice that an among heterosexual lovers. Among women, too, the sexual we have been in the habit of regarding the connection between aims of inverts are various: there seems to be a special prefer- the sexual instinct and the sexual object as more intimate than ence for contact with the mucous membrane of the mouth of conditions, which are very different from one another and which CoNCLUSIoN. It will be seen that we are not in a position to ce both in o base a satisfactory explanation of the origin of in him in giving it a better name, homo-erotism). He insists that a sharp version upon the material at present before us. Nevertheless our put us in possession of a ho feel and behave like female for a male object. The first of these two types he recognizes as P I and the inverted types deve true'sexual intermediatesin Hirschfeld' s sense of the word; the second is the exclusive sexual interest felt by men for he describes, less happily, as obsessional neurotics. According to hi t n based their struggling against their inclinatio ided until after puberty and is th nfluenced psychologically, while granting the result of a number of factors, not all of which are yet known; some ar of a constitutional nature but others are accidental. No doubt a fe these factors may happen to carry so much weight that they infuence a pron. quantity of subject homo-erotism is found in combination with e result eir sense. But in general the multiplicity of deter During the last few ye rears work carried out by biologists, notably strong light on the organic determinants archaic constitutions and primitive psychical mechanisms is regular castration and subsequently grafti nd be found. Their most essential characteristics seem to be a coming to opposite sex, it was possible in the case of various species of mammals operation of narcissistic object-choice and a retention of the erotic ignificance of the anal zone There is nothing to be gained affected more or less completely both the somatic sexual characters and parting the most extreme types of on from the rest on th appeared that the vehicle of the force which thus acted as a sex-determin the of the sex-gland which forms the sex-cells but be what is kno types and of tho anifest attitude is normal. The diffcrences in the end- be of a ative is testes owing to tuberculosis. In his sexual life he behaved in a that the y quantitativ inner, as a passive homosexual, and exhibited very clearly Among the accidental factors that influence object-choice we have eminine seronine sexual characters of a secondary kind(e.g. in rega found that frustration(in the form of an early deterrence, by fear, from growth of hair and beard and deposits of fat on the breasts and hip sexual activity)deserves attention, and we have observed that the fter an undescended testis from another male ent had been afted into him, he began to behave in a masculine manner and to ds women in a respect of the sexual object should be sharply distinguished from that of somatic feminine characters disappeared.(Lipschutz, 1919, 356-7) uld be unjustifiable ssert that these interesting exp the subject of a mixture of sexual cha put the theory of inversion or basis, and it wo elation between factors, too, a certain degree of reciprocal expect them to offer a universal means of'curinghomosexuality. Fliess rightly insisted that these experimental findings do not invalidate ry of the general bisexu ry, it seems to me probable that further research of a similar because they have in common the symptom of inver ge number kind will produce a direct confirmation of this presumption of bisexuality

THREE ESSAYS ON SEXU I. THE SEXUAL ABERRATIONS it in fact is. Experience of the cases that are considered ab- hat is particularly significant, it may become exclusive and ormal has shown us that in them the sexual instinct and the replace normal sexual satistaction entirely. sexual object are merely soldered together-a fact which we ave been in danger of overlooking in consequence of the uni- al variations and the descending scale from health to in- formity of the normal picture, where the object appears to form anity gives us plenty of material for thought. I am inclined to art and parcel of the instinct. We are thus warned to loosen believe that it may be explained by the fact that the impulses of e bond that exists in our thoughts between instinct and object. sexual life are among those which, even normally, are the lea It seems probable that the sexual instinct is in the first instance controlled by the higher activities of the mind. In my exp independent of its object; nor is its origin likely to be due to its ence anyone who is in any way, whether socially or ethically object's attractions. abnormal mentally is invariably abnormal also in his sexual (B)SEXUALLY IMMATURE PERSONS AND ANIMALS AS life, But many people are abnormal in their sexual life who in every other respect approximate to the average, and have, along SEXUAL OBJECTS with the rest, passed through the process of human cultural People whose sexual objects belong to the normally inappro- development, in which sexuality remains the weak spot. priate sex-that is, inverts-strike the observer as a collection of individuals who may be quite sound in other respects. On The most general conclusion that follows from all the other hand, cases in which sexually immature persons cussions seems, however, to be this. Under a great nu hildren)are chosen as sexual objects are instantly judged conditions and in surprisingly numerous individuals, oradic aberrations. It is only exceptionally that children are and importance of the sexual object recedes into the back the exclusive sexual objects in such a case. They usually come ground. What is essential and constant in the sexual instinct is to play that part when someone who is cowardly or has become something else. impotent adopts them as a substitute, or when an urgent instinct (one which will not allow of postponement)cannot at the oment get possession of any more appropriate object. Never- (2)DEVIATIONS IN RESPECT OF THE theless, a light is thrown on the nature of the sexual instinct by SEXUAL AIM the fact that it permits of so much variation in its objects and The normal sexual aim is regarded as being the union of the uch a cheapening of them-which hunger, with its far more genitals in the act known as copulation, which leads to a release ergetic retention of its objects, would only permit in the most of the sexual tension and a temporary extinction of the sexual instinct-a satisfaction analogous to the sating of hunger. But intercourse with animals, which is by no means rare, especially even in the most normal sexual process we may detect rudiments among country people, and in which sexual attraction seems to which, if they had developed, would have led to the deviations override the barriers of species One would be glad on aesthetic grounds to be able to ascribe relations to the sexual object, such as touching and looking at these and other severe aberrations of the sexual instinct to it, which lie on the road towards copulation and are recognized insanity; but that cannot be done. Experience shows that dis- as being preliminary sexual aims. On the one hand these turbances of the sexual instinct among the insane do not differ added 1910: 1 The most striking distinction between the from those that occur among the healthy and in whole races or rotic life of antiquity and our own no doubt lies in the fact that the ccupations. Thus the sexual abuse of children is found with nanny frequency among school teachers and child attendants ts obiect. The ancients glorified the instinct and were prepared on its ccount to honour even an inferior object; while we despise the instinc mply because they have the best opportunity for it. The insane al activity in itself, and find excuses for it only in the merits of the merely exhibit any such aberration to an intensified degree; or

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《媒介与社会性别 Media and Gender》本科课程参考文献_Freud 1