REVIEW PAPER ON MUTAGEN LEE MAKA 08301016024 ABSTRACT A mutagen is a sauce of a mutation. There are physical mutagen and chemical mutagen, and both categories include great variations. As the variation of mutagen, the conduct of each type of mutagen is different. When a mutation is occurred by mutagen, there are also many different possibilities might happen in our bodies INTRODUCTION From this review, we are going to see the definition of mutagen, the variation of mutagen. We are also going to see how a mutation occurs and what will happen after a mutation. We are also going to looking for some happening about the mutagen and mutation in our dairy life in a more practical view. For the definition of the mutagen, we see the def inition from the literal iew and also from its properties and characteristics. For the variation, we look for the variation in different categories in their nature For each kind of mutagen we will see how the mutagen works and how it causes mutation in our bodies. We will look at how our bodies react to the mutation In the end we will see some facts about the mutation in our bodies THE DEFINITION OF MUTAGEN A mutagen is an agent that can change the genetic information of a living organism which these changes are called mutation. [l Inside the bodies of an organism, there are a lot of spontaneous mutation is occurred, and these spontaneous mutation might also affected by environment. 2I So, in overall respects, a mutagen is a factor that can increase the mutation rate in living organism. Mutagens are usually chemical compounds or ionizing rad iation, electromagnetic radiation. The effects of some mutagens are increased or suppressed in some organisms by the presence of certain other, nonmutagenic substances, oxygen, for example, makes cells more sensitive to the mutagenic effects of X-rays. B1 THE VARIATION OF MUTAGEN Mutagens are mainly classified into two categories. One is physical mutagen, and the other one is chemical mutagen. Physical mutagen includes ionizing rad iation like X-ray, gamma ray, and alpha particles or nonionizing radiation like ultraviolet radiation. [4 In another respect, because the spontaneous mutation rate of an organism is somehow affected by heat, so heat can also considered as one type of physical mutagen. For the chemical mutagen catego there are a lot of chemical compounds are considered as mutagen. For example, base analogs bromine and some compounds that contain bromine in their chemical structure, sodium azide, etc. 51 For different categories, the basic mechanism of mutation also varies alor Initrosour s psoralen, benzene, alkaloid plants, transposon, deaminating agents such as nitrous intercalating agents such as ethidium bromide, alkylating agents such as eth THE CONDUCTS AND EFFECTS OF MUTAGEN When an organism is exposed to a mutagen, its not necessary that mutation occurs. Mutagen may give a chance for mutation in an organism. When an organism is exposed to a physical mutagen, like ion izing radiation, due to the strong energy of the rad iation, the molecule changes in genetic material might happen. This kind of change is called molecular lesion. It's
REVIEW PAPER ON MUTAGEN LEE, MAKA 08301016024 ABSTRACT A mutagen is a sauce of a mutation. There are physical mutagen and chemical mutagen, and both categories include great variations. As the variation of mutagen, the conduct of each type of mutagen is different. When a mutation is occurred by mutagen, there are also many different possibilities might happen in our bodies. INTRODUCTION From this review, we are going to see the definition of mutagen, the variation of mutagen. We are also going to see how a mutation occurs and what will happen after a mutation. We are also going to looking for some happening about the mutagen and mutation in our dairy life in a more practical view. For the definition of the mutagen, we see the definition from the literal view and also from its properties and characteristics. For the variation, we look for the variation in different categories in their nature. For each kind of mutagen we will see how the mutagen works and how it causes mutation in our bodies. We will look at how our bodies react to the mutation. In the end we will see some facts about the mutation in our bodies. THE DEFINITION OF MUTAGEN A mutagen is an agent that can change the genetic information of a living organism which these changes are called mutation. [1] Inside the bodies of an organism, there are a lot of spontaneous mutation is occurred, and these spontaneous mutation might also affected by environment. [2] So, in overall respects, a mutagen is a factor that can increase the mutation rate in living organism. Mutagens are usually chemical compounds or ionizing radiation, electromagnetic radiation. The effects of some mutagens are increased or suppressed in some organisms by the presence of certain other, nonmutagenic substances, oxygen, for example, makes cells more sensitive to the mutagenic effects of X-rays. [3] THE VARIATION OF MUTAGEN Mutagens are mainly classified into two categories. One is physical mutagen, and the other one is chemical mutagen. Physical mutagen includes ionizing radiation like X-ray, gamma ray, and alpha particles or nonionizing radiation like ultraviolet radiation. [4] In another respect, because the spontaneous mutation rate of an organism is somehow affected by heat, so heat can also considered as one type of physical mutagen. For the chemical mutagen category, there are a lot of chemical compounds are considered as mutagen. For example, base analogs, bromine and some compounds that contain bromine in their chemical structure, sodium azide, psoralen, benzene, alkaloid plants, transposon, deaminating agents such as nitrous acid, intercalating agents such as ethidium bromide, alkylating agents such as ethylnitrosourea, etc. [5] For different categories, the basic mechanism of mutation also varies a lot. THE CONDUCTS AND EFFECTS OF MUTAGEN When an organism is exposed to a mutagen, it’s not necessary that mutation occurs. Mutagen may give a chance for mutation in an organism. When an organism is exposed to a physical mutagen, like ionizing radiation, due to the strong energy of the radiation, the molecule changes in genetic material might happen. This kind of change is called molecular lesion. It’s
known that there are 100-1,000,000 molecular lesions occurred in a human body per day. I6 If the molecular lesion is occurred in dna. that is called a mutation The molecular lesion might cause the mutation as well. When the molecular lesion occurs, the enzyme in the cells is disable to e the lesion, and repair the lesion by a mechanism called DNA repair. If the cell will recos repair the dna damage the cell might became an irreversible state of dormancy known as senescence, or perform cell suicide, also known as apoptosis or programmed cell death, or might cause mutation in the cell [7 The chemical mutagen disturbs the dNA replication and causes the changes in DNA information Mutation rates in higher eukaryotes are roughly 0. 1-100 per genome per sexual generation but are currently indistinguishable from 1/300 per cell division per effective genome. 8 When the cell is mutated, there are many cases for the cell. Major probabil ity of the mutation effects are just silent, it means there will be no effect, since there are a lot of introns in human gene. Sometimes, the mutation will cause the difference in surviving ab il ities of the cell. when these kinds of changes occur. in worst case, the cancer or tumor might be occurred LITERATURE CITED 1.http://sciencejrank.org/pages/4529/mutagen.htm 2.http:/www.microbiologyprocedure.com/gene-mutation/spontaneous-mutations.htm 4. Brusick, David. Principles of Genetic Toxicology 2nd ed. New York: Plenum Press, 1987. 5.http://en.wikipediaorg/wiki/mutagen 6. Lodish H, Berk A, Matsudaira P Kaiser CA, Krieger M, Scott MP Zipursky sL, Darnell J (2004). Molecular Biology of the Cell, p963. WH Freeman: New York, NY. 5th ed. 7.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dna_repair#cite_notE-lodiSh-0 8. John W. Drake, Brian Charlesworth Deborah Charlesworth and James f crow Rate of spontaneous mutation. Genetics, VoL. 148, 1667-1686, April 1998, Copyright o 1998
known that there are 100~1,000,000 molecular lesions occurred in a human body per day. [6] If the molecular lesion is occurred in DNA, that is called a mutation. The molecular lesion might cause the mutation as well. When the molecular lesion occurs, the enzyme in the cells will recognize the lesion, and repair the lesion by a mechanism called DNA repair. If the cell is disable to repair the DNA damage, the cell might became an irreversible state of dormancy, known as senescence, or perform cell suicide, also known as apoptosis or programmed cell death, or might cause mutation in the cell. [7] The chemical mutagen disturbs the DNA replication and causes the changes in DNA information. Mutation ratesin higher eukaryotes are roughly 0.1–100 per genome per sexual generation but are currently indistinguishable from 1/300 per cell division per effective genome. [8] When the cell is mutated, there are many cases for the cell. Major probability of the mutation effects are just silent, it means there will be no effect, since there are a lot of introns in human gene. Sometimes, the mutation will cause the difference in surviving abilities of the cell. When these kinds of changes occur, in worst case, the cancer or tumor might be occurred. LITERATURE CITED 1. http://science.jrank.org/pages/4529/Mutagen.htm 2. http://www.microbiologyprocedure.com/gene-mutation/spontaneous-mutations.htm 3. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/399695/mutation 4. Brusick, David. Principles of Genetic Toxicology, 2nd ed. New York: Plenum Press, 1987. 5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagen 6. Lodish H, Berk A, Matsudaira P, Kaiser CA, Krieger M, Scott MP, Zipursky SL, Darnell J. (2004). Molecular Biology of the Cell, p963. WH Freeman: New York, NY. 5th ed. 7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair#cite_note-lodish-0 8. John W. Drake, Brian Charlesworth, Deborah Charlesworth, and James F. Crow. Rate of spontaneous mutation. Genetics, Vol. 148, 1667-1686, April 1998, Copyright © 1998
