Planar fabric Linear fabric and the size and elements In one dimension is Are parallel to much Longer than that in one another the other two dimensions

Common type of necrosis after exogenous stimuli. Swelling, denaturation and coagulation of proteins Breakdown of cellular organelles Cell rupture

Autopsy Biopsy Cytology Experimental studies In vitro: Tissue culture Organ culture Cell culture In vivo: Experimental animals Nude mice

Arterial hyperemia Inflammatory Collateral Post-ischemic

Etiology Thrombosis Embolism Vesospasm Expansion of atheroma Extrinsic compression Twisting of the vessels

ANTITHROMBOTIC PROPERTIES Inhibition of platelet aggregation: PGL NO, ADPase Anticoagulant -binding and inhibition of thrombin: Antithrombin acceleration by heparin-like molecules, thrombomodulin activation of protein C/S, a2-macroglobulin. Fibrinlysis: Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

Motional pathway of embolus: Embolus from left heart cavity or arterial system Embolus from right heart cavity or venous system Embolus from portal veins Paradoxical embolism Retrograde ethrombus

CELLULAR ADAPTATION Excessive physiologic stresses. Some pathologic stimuli. A new, but altered state preserving the viability of the cell

Definition of pathology Pathology is to study diseases by scientific methods. Disease may be defined as an abnormal alteration of structure or function in any part of the body

FATTY CHANGE Excessive entry of free fatty acids into the liver (starvation, corticosteroid therapy). Enhanced fatty acid synthesis. Decreased fatty acid oxidation. Increased esterification of fatty acid to triglycerides (alcohol). Decreased apoprotein synthesis (CCl). Impaired lipoprotein secretion from the liver (alcohol)