由于任意中心场中角向波函数都相同,为球谐函数,故中心场问题退化为径向方程:

力学量的一般定义由对易关系确定。例如坐标和动量的定义是 元]=0,[,=0,[元,]=h, 不依赖于表象 角动量J的一般定义由其对易关系确定:

自旋角动量与轨道运动产生的磁场之间的相互作用: 要求解定态方程,必须求解两个角动量的耦合LS的本征方程 对于任意两个独立角动量元

若体系具有空间反演不变性,[,]=0,则 a)宇称守恒 b)宇称Ⅰ与H有共同本征态

量子态满足 Schroedinger方程ih,(1)=Bv(F, 但是可以精确求解的物理问题太少,大部分实际问题不能严格求解,只能用近似方法

变分方法思想: 取不同的态v),计算(E)=mv),其中最小的(E)最接近Eo,可近似看成基态能E

宇宙万物是由哪些基本物质构成的呢?人类从上 古时代起就开始了关于物质结构的探讨 到20世纪初卢瑟福根据a粒子衍射现象提出了“含 核的原子模型” 1913年波尔提出了核外电子分层排布的波尔理论 直到20世纪30年代,以微观粒子波粒二象性为 基础发展起来的量子力学,才建立了比较符合微观 世界实际的物质结构近代理论

Nobel Lecture, June 2, 1920 The genesis and present state of development of the quantum theory If i take it correctly that the duty imposed upon me today is to give a public lecture on my writings, then i believe that this task, the importance of which i am well aware through the gratitude felt towards the noble-minded founder of our Foundation, cannot be more suitably fulfilled than by my trying to give you the story of the origin of the quantum theory in broad outlines and to couple with this, a picture in a small frame of the development of this theory up

当扰动依赖于时间时，就不是能级问题，而是能级间的变化问题或跃迁问题

When in 1920 I resumed my studies of theoretical physics which had long been interrupted by circumstances beyond my control, I was far from the idea that my studies would bring me several years later to receive such a higl and envied prize as that awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences each year to a scientist: the Nobel Prize for Physics. What at that time drew me towards theoretical physics was not the hope that such a high distinction