厦门大学化学化工学院：《有机化学》课程教学资源（课件讲稿，双语版）第十章 羧酸 Carboxylic Acids 10.6 卤代酸 Halo Acids

Many other pairs of reagents that form cabocations (orcarbocationlike species) may be used as well

The most characteristic reaction of aldehydes and ketones is nucleophilic addition to the carbon-oxygen double bond

If a chiral atom attached to the carbonyl group, the stereoselectivity of nucleophilic addition follows the Cram’s rule

17.7 Lithium Enolates 17.8 α-Selenation: A Synthesis of α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds 17.9 Additions to α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes and Ketones

The aldols formed in aldol additions can be easily dehydrated to yield conjugated enals (enones)

Substitution reactions occur when two reactants exchange parts to give two new products. In a substitution, one replaces another

21.11 Aryl Halide and Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution 21.12 Spectroscopic Analysis of Phenols and Aryl Halides

Infrared Spectroscopy: An Instrumental Method for detecting Functional Groups

Hydrolysis, Alcoholysis and Amonolysis Reactions of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives